WEBVTT 0 00:00:00.320 --> 00:00:02.800 Anna: Hello and welcome to Astronomy Daily. Your 1 00:00:02.800 --> 00:00:04.840 cosmic connection to the universe's latest 2 00:00:04.840 --> 00:00:07.720 developments. I'm Anna. And today we've got 3 00:00:07.720 --> 00:00:09.560 a stellar lineup of space stories that 4 00:00:09.560 --> 00:00:11.720 showcase both the wonder and ambition of 5 00:00:11.720 --> 00:00:14.320 humanity's quest to understand the cosmos. 6 00:00:14.640 --> 00:00:16.920 Coming up, we'll explore a truly cosmic 7 00:00:16.920 --> 00:00:19.080 miracle as the James Webb Space Telescope 8 00:00:19.080 --> 00:00:21.320 breaks its own record by discovering the 9 00:00:21.320 --> 00:00:24.040 earliest galaxy ever observed. We'll also 10 00:00:24.040 --> 00:00:25.960 look at Europe's daring plan to land a, 11 00:00:25.960 --> 00:00:28.640 spacecraft on the infamous asteroid Apophis 12 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:31.610 during its close approach to Earth in 2029. 13 00:00:31.930 --> 00:00:34.090 Then we'll dive into the latest chapter of 14 00:00:34.090 --> 00:00:36.330 SpaceX's Starship saga. 15 00:00:37.130 --> 00:00:38.930 And finally, we'll unravel the mystery 16 00:00:38.930 --> 00:00:40.610 surrounding one of the night sky's most 17 00:00:40.610 --> 00:00:43.090 recognisable stars, Betelgeuse. As 18 00:00:43.090 --> 00:00:45.450 astronomers search for evidence of a hidden 19 00:00:45.450 --> 00:00:47.450 companion that might explain its puzzling 20 00:00:47.450 --> 00:00:50.450 behaviour. Strap in for a journey across time 21 00:00:50.450 --> 00:00:52.410 and space as we explore these fascinating 22 00:00:52.410 --> 00:00:54.490 developments right here on Astronomy Daily. 23 00:00:55.510 --> 00:00:57.150 Lets kick things off today with a pretty 24 00:00:57.150 --> 00:00:59.670 important discovery. The James Webb Space 25 00:00:59.670 --> 00:01:02.030 Telescope continues to rewrite the 26 00:01:02.030 --> 00:01:04.430 astronomical record books with its latest 27 00:01:04.430 --> 00:01:07.270 discovery. JWST has detected 28 00:01:07.270 --> 00:01:09.830 what scientists are calling the mother of all 29 00:01:09.830 --> 00:01:12.510 early galaxies. Fittingly designated 30 00:01:12.510 --> 00:01:15.030 MAM Z14. This 31 00:01:15.030 --> 00:01:17.910 remarkable cosmic find existed just 280 32 00:01:17.910 --> 00:01:20.430 million years after the Big Bang, making it 33 00:01:20.430 --> 00:01:22.990 the earliest and most distant galaxy ever 34 00:01:22.990 --> 00:01:25.900 observed by humanity. To put this 35 00:01:25.900 --> 00:01:28.140 timeframe into perspective, sharks have been 36 00:01:28.140 --> 00:01:30.060 swimming in Earth's oceans for longer than 37 00:01:30.060 --> 00:01:32.020 the universe had even existed when this 38 00:01:32.020 --> 00:01:34.980 galaxy was forming. MAM Z14 39 00:01:35.060 --> 00:01:37.100 breaks the previous record by about 20 40 00:01:37.100 --> 00:01:39.460 million years, which might not sound like 41 00:01:39.460 --> 00:01:41.820 much, but represents a significant step 42 00:01:41.820 --> 00:01:44.340 closer to observing the very dawn of 43 00:01:44.340 --> 00:01:46.410 galaxy formation. What's m 44 00:01:46.780 --> 00:01:49.140 particularly fascinating about this discovery 45 00:01:49.220 --> 00:01:52.140 is that the JWST wasn't actually expected to 46 00:01:52.140 --> 00:01:54.950 find galaxies from this early epoch, at 47 00:01:54.950 --> 00:01:56.670 least not at this stage of its mission. 48 00:01:57.230 --> 00:02:00.150 Scientists have now identified over 100 more 49 00:02:00.150 --> 00:02:03.110 relatively bright galaxies in the very early 50 00:02:03.110 --> 00:02:05.430 universe than were predicted based on pre 51 00:02:05.430 --> 00:02:07.230 JWST observations, 52 00:02:07.790 --> 00:02:09.750 challenging our understanding of how quickly 53 00:02:09.750 --> 00:02:12.630 the cosmos developed. The research team 54 00:02:12.630 --> 00:02:15.030 was able to determine that MAMSI 14 is 55 00:02:15.030 --> 00:02:17.230 approximately 50 times smaller than our Milky 56 00:02:17.230 --> 00:02:20.030 Way. Perhaps most intriguing is the detection 57 00:02:20.030 --> 00:02:21.950 of elements like nitrogen and carbon within 58 00:02:21.950 --> 00:02:24.880 this ancient galaxy. This is surprising 59 00:02:24.880 --> 00:02:27.320 because the very earliest galaxies should 60 00:02:27.320 --> 00:02:29.720 primarily contain only the simplest elements, 61 00:02:29.960 --> 00:02:32.680 hydrogen and helium. The presence of these 62 00:02:32.680 --> 00:02:35.000 heavier elements, which astronomers somewhat 63 00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:38.000 confusingly call metals, indicates that Mahm 64 00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:40.520 Z14 isn't actually among the very first 65 00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:43.400 objects formed in the universe. These heavier 66 00:02:43.400 --> 00:02:45.840 elements are created inside stars and then 67 00:02:45.840 --> 00:02:47.960 dispersed through supernova explosions, 68 00:02:48.600 --> 00:02:50.440 suggesting there must be even earlier 69 00:02:50.520 --> 00:02:52.680 galaxies out there waiting to be discovered, 70 00:02:53.280 --> 00:02:54.920 perhaps the true first generation that 71 00:02:54.920 --> 00:02:56.720 contained only hydrogen and helium. 72 00:02:57.680 --> 00:03:00.320 Researchers are confident that JWST is up to 73 00:03:00.320 --> 00:03:02.160 the task of pushing these boundaries even 74 00:03:02.160 --> 00:03:04.960 further. As one scientist put it, 75 00:03:05.120 --> 00:03:06.920 they would not be surprised if we find 76 00:03:06.920 --> 00:03:09.279 galaxies at redshift 15 or 16 77 00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:11.920 taking us even closer to witnessing the 78 00:03:11.920 --> 00:03:13.520 universe's earliest moments. 79 00:03:14.960 --> 00:03:17.320 This discovery is another testament to the 80 00:03:17.320 --> 00:03:19.680 Webb Telescope's revolutionary capabilities, 81 00:03:20.540 --> 00:03:22.780 allowing us to peer further back in cosmic 82 00:03:22.780 --> 00:03:25.140 time than ever before and reshape our 83 00:03:25.140 --> 00:03:27.140 understanding of how the universe evolved 84 00:03:27.140 --> 00:03:28.460 from its earliest moments. 85 00:03:29.980 --> 00:03:32.580 Next Today Once feared as a potential threat 86 00:03:32.580 --> 00:03:35.020 to Earth, asteroid Apophis is now presenting 87 00:03:35.020 --> 00:03:37.260 space agencies with a rare opportunity for 88 00:03:37.260 --> 00:03:39.940 exploration. The European Space Agency is 89 00:03:39.940 --> 00:03:42.460 actively preparing its Ramses mission, which 90 00:03:42.460 --> 00:03:44.580 stands for Rapid Apophis mission for space 91 00:03:44.580 --> 00:03:47.550 safety from a 2028 launch to coincide with 92 00:03:47.550 --> 00:03:50.430 Apophis very close but safe flyby of our 93 00:03:50.430 --> 00:03:53.030 planet on April 13, 2029, 94 00:03:53.990 --> 00:03:56.790 this 1,100 foot wide space rock 95 00:03:56.790 --> 00:03:59.270 will pass within about 20,000 miles of Earth, 96 00:03:59.510 --> 00:04:01.110 closer than many of our artificial 97 00:04:01.110 --> 00:04:03.710 satellites. The Ramses mission aims to 98 00:04:03.710 --> 00:04:06.390 conduct detailed before and after analysis of 99 00:04:06.390 --> 00:04:08.550 the asteroid, studying its surface 100 00:04:08.550 --> 00:04:11.110 characteristics, composition, and orbit. 101 00:04:11.710 --> 00:04:13.550 Scientists are particularly interested in how 102 00:04:13.550 --> 00:04:15.830 Earth's gravitational pull might trigger 103 00:04:15.830 --> 00:04:18.670 tidal forces in Apophis, potentially altering 104 00:04:18.670 --> 00:04:20.710 its surface and interior structure during the 105 00:04:20.710 --> 00:04:23.070 close approach. In an exciting development, 106 00:04:23.550 --> 00:04:26.550 ESA has now selected Spanish company MCS 107 00:04:26.550 --> 00:04:28.830 to lead the development of a second cubesat 108 00:04:28.830 --> 00:04:30.910 that will attempt something extraordinarily 109 00:04:31.710 --> 00:04:34.590 landing on Apophis. As Paolo Martino, 110 00:04:34.590 --> 00:04:36.670 the Ramses project manager, explained, 111 00:04:37.100 --> 00:04:38.900 landing on an asteroid presents unique 112 00:04:38.900 --> 00:04:41.340 difficulties. The irregular shape and 113 00:04:41.340 --> 00:04:43.460 unpredictable surface properties make it hard 114 00:04:43.460 --> 00:04:45.940 to identify stable landing sites, while the 115 00:04:45.940 --> 00:04:48.260 asteroid's extremely weak gravity creates a 116 00:04:48.260 --> 00:04:50.340 risk that the lander could simply bounce off 117 00:04:50.340 --> 00:04:53.179 and drift away into space. The main 118 00:04:53.179 --> 00:04:55.540 Ramses spacecraft will be a modified version 119 00:04:55.540 --> 00:04:58.180 of Issei's HERA probe, which is currently on 120 00:04:58.180 --> 00:05:00.860 its way to study the binary asteroid Didymos, 121 00:05:00.860 --> 00:05:03.020 where NASA's DART mission successfully 122 00:05:03.020 --> 00:05:05.880 impacted in 2022. However, despite 123 00:05:05.960 --> 00:05:08.520 the momentum behind this mission, it still 124 00:05:08.520 --> 00:05:11.240 requires ESA member states to formally commit 125 00:05:11.240 --> 00:05:13.400 funding at the agency's Ministerial Council 126 00:05:13.400 --> 00:05:16.080 meeting this November. NASA is also 127 00:05:16.080 --> 00:05:18.480 considering repurposing its shelved Janus 128 00:05:18.480 --> 00:05:20.959 spacecraft for an Apophis mission, though 129 00:05:20.959 --> 00:05:22.720 budget constraints have complicated these 130 00:05:22.720 --> 00:05:25.320 plans. The good news is that NASA's 131 00:05:25.320 --> 00:05:28.280 Osiris apex mission, the extended mission of 132 00:05:28.280 --> 00:05:30.320 the spacecraft that successfully returned 133 00:05:30.320 --> 00:05:32.820 samples from asteroid Bennu, will arrive at 134 00:05:32.820 --> 00:05:35.420 Apophis about a month after its Earth flyby. 135 00:05:36.300 --> 00:05:39.260 Additionally, Japan's Destiny plus mission, 136 00:05:39.340 --> 00:05:42.100 which faced delays, has now been rescheduled 137 00:05:42.100 --> 00:05:45.060 for a 2028 launch and will make a flyby 138 00:05:45.060 --> 00:05:47.420 of Apophis on its journey to study asteroid 139 00:05:47.420 --> 00:05:49.840 Phaethon. Scientists worldwide are, 140 00:05:49.840 --> 00:05:51.720 emphasising the importance of international 141 00:05:52.120 --> 00:05:54.880 collaboration to make the most of this rare 142 00:05:54.880 --> 00:05:57.040 opportunity that Apophis presents for 143 00:05:57.040 --> 00:05:59.160 advancing our planetary defence knowledge. 144 00:06:00.780 --> 00:06:03.300 And now A Ah, quick SpaceX update. The 145 00:06:03.300 --> 00:06:05.420 federal Aviation Administration has now 146 00:06:05.420 --> 00:06:07.700 stepped in following the ninth test flight of 147 00:06:07.700 --> 00:06:10.700 SpaceX's massive Starship rocket, requiring 148 00:06:10.700 --> 00:06:12.700 the company to investigate what went wrong. 149 00:06:13.340 --> 00:06:15.739 Interestingly, the FAA's investigation is 150 00:06:15.739 --> 00:06:17.900 narrowly focused on just one part of the 151 00:06:17.900 --> 00:06:20.780 mishap the loss of the Starship upper stage, 152 00:06:20.860 --> 00:06:22.820 which failed to complete its planned 153 00:06:22.820 --> 00:06:25.750 trajectory as designed. Despite both 154 00:06:25.750 --> 00:06:28.230 stages of the vehicle meeting explosive ends. 155 00:06:28.230 --> 00:06:30.870 The FAA clarified that the destruction of the 156 00:06:30.870 --> 00:06:33.430 super heavy booster was actually covered by 157 00:06:33.430 --> 00:06:36.070 what they called approved test induced 158 00:06:36.070 --> 00:06:39.070 damage exceptions that SpaceX had requested 159 00:06:39.070 --> 00:06:41.910 prior to launch. In other words, some level 160 00:06:41.910 --> 00:06:43.990 of damage or destruction to the booster was 161 00:06:43.990 --> 00:06:46.030 anticipated and approved as part of the 162 00:06:46.030 --> 00:06:48.990 experimental nature of the test. Flight 163 00:06:48.990 --> 00:06:51.590 9, which launched on May 27 from 164 00:06:51.590 --> 00:06:54.310 SpaceX's Starbase facility in South Texas, 165 00:06:54.780 --> 00:06:56.980 represented a significant milestone as the 166 00:06:56.980 --> 00:06:59.340 first ever reuse of a super heavy booster. 167 00:06:59.500 --> 00:07:01.660 This particular booster had previously flown 168 00:07:01.660 --> 00:07:04.180 during January's Flight 7 mission, where it 169 00:07:04.180 --> 00:07:05.780 not only completed its engine burn 170 00:07:05.780 --> 00:07:08.060 successfully, but also made a dramatic return 171 00:07:08.060 --> 00:07:10.020 to Starbase, where it was caught by the 172 00:07:10.020 --> 00:07:12.820 launch tower's mechanical arms, nicknamed the 173 00:07:12.820 --> 00:07:15.340 chopsticks for Flight 9, 174 00:07:15.500 --> 00:07:17.820 SpaceX took a more experimental approach with 175 00:07:17.820 --> 00:07:20.340 the booster. Rather than attempting another 176 00:07:20.340 --> 00:07:23.110 tower catch. They conducted various tests, 177 00:07:23.190 --> 00:07:25.150 including bringing the booster down at a 178 00:07:25.150 --> 00:07:27.030 higher angle of attack to increase 179 00:07:27.030 --> 00:07:29.870 atmospheric drag. The plan called for a 180 00:07:29.870 --> 00:07:32.470 hard splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, but 181 00:07:32.470 --> 00:07:34.990 things didn't go as intended. Contact with 182 00:07:34.990 --> 00:07:37.269 the booster was lost shortly after it began 183 00:07:37.269 --> 00:07:39.950 its landing burn, approximately six minutes 184 00:07:39.950 --> 00:07:42.360 after launch, when it experienced what SpaceX 185 00:07:42.360 --> 00:07:45.070 ah euphemistically described as a rapid 186 00:07:45.070 --> 00:07:47.640 unscheduled disassembly. The 187 00:07:47.640 --> 00:07:50.000 Starship upper stage faced even greater 188 00:07:50.000 --> 00:07:52.200 difficulties. It was supposed to make a 189 00:07:52.200 --> 00:07:54.920 controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean off 190 00:07:54.920 --> 00:07:57.480 Western Australia about 65 minutes after 191 00:07:57.480 --> 00:08:00.280 launch. However, an attitude control error 192 00:08:00.280 --> 00:08:02.040 prevented the vehicle from achieving the 193 00:08:02.040 --> 00:08:04.080 proper orientation for reentry. 194 00:08:04.800 --> 00:08:06.880 Following automated safety protocols, 195 00:08:06.960 --> 00:08:09.080 Starship vented its remaining pressure to 196 00:08:09.080 --> 00:08:11.560 create the safest possible conditions, but 197 00:08:11.560 --> 00:08:14.040 contact was lost about 46 minutes into the 198 00:08:14.040 --> 00:08:16.880 flight. Despite these failures, 199 00:08:16.960 --> 00:08:19.240 the mission still showed progress compared to 200 00:08:19.240 --> 00:08:21.600 previous flights, where the upper stage was 201 00:08:21.600 --> 00:08:23.920 lost within just 10 minutes of liftoff. 202 00:08:24.400 --> 00:08:26.960 The FAA noted that there were no reports of 203 00:08:26.960 --> 00:08:29.880 injuries or damage to public property and the 204 00:08:29.880 --> 00:08:32.160 impact on commercial flights was minimal. 205 00:08:32.560 --> 00:08:34.920 Just one flight diverted and another briefly 206 00:08:34.920 --> 00:08:36.240 held for 24 minutes. 207 00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:40.320 Betelgeuse one of the most recognisable stars 208 00:08:40.320 --> 00:08:43.060 in our night sky has long captivated 209 00:08:43.060 --> 00:08:45.340 astronomers with its unpredictable behaviour. 210 00:08:45.820 --> 00:08:48.180 This massive red supergiant in the 211 00:08:48.180 --> 00:08:51.020 constellation orion sits about 640 212 00:08:51.020 --> 00:08:53.460 light years from Earth and is nearing the end 213 00:08:53.460 --> 00:08:56.220 of its stellar life. Destined to eventually 214 00:08:56.220 --> 00:08:58.970 explode as a supernova at, more than 215 00:08:58.970 --> 00:09:01.890 700 times the size of our sun, it's truly 216 00:09:01.890 --> 00:09:04.570 a cosmic giant. What's 217 00:09:04.570 --> 00:09:06.770 particularly intriguing about Betelgeuse is 218 00:09:06.770 --> 00:09:09.680 its peculiar brightness variations. You 219 00:09:09.680 --> 00:09:11.960 might remember the excitement in late 2019, 220 00:09:12.200 --> 00:09:14.560 when it dimmed dramatically, leading to 221 00:09:14.560 --> 00:09:16.840 speculation that a supernova might be 222 00:09:16.840 --> 00:09:19.680 imminent. That event turned out to be just a 223 00:09:19.680 --> 00:09:22.120 massive dust cloud temporarily blocking its 224 00:09:22.120 --> 00:09:24.680 light. But it highlighted the volatile nature 225 00:09:24.680 --> 00:09:27.680 of this dying star. Now astronomers 226 00:09:27.680 --> 00:09:29.000 are exploring a fascinating. 227 00:09:30.200 --> 00:09:33.080 Betelgeuse might not be alone. About 228 00:09:33.080 --> 00:09:35.440 one third of stars similar to Betelgeuse 229 00:09:35.440 --> 00:09:37.330 display what scientists call large, long 230 00:09:37.330 --> 00:09:40.170 secondary periods, or LSPs, which 231 00:09:40.170 --> 00:09:42.170 are extended brightness fluctuations that 232 00:09:42.170 --> 00:09:44.690 have puzzled researchers for decades. While 233 00:09:44.690 --> 00:09:47.210 various explanations have been proposed, from 234 00:09:47.210 --> 00:09:49.250 internal pulsations to dust formation, 235 00:09:49.650 --> 00:09:51.610 evidence is increasingly pointing toward a 236 00:09:51.610 --> 00:09:54.450 hidden companion star. The current theory 237 00:09:54.450 --> 00:09:57.090 suggests a low mass companion, somewhere 238 00:09:57.090 --> 00:09:59.170 between half to twice the mass of our sun, 239 00:09:59.570 --> 00:10:02.290 might be orbiting Betelgeuse every 2,100 240 00:10:02.290 --> 00:10:05.290 days. That's roughly six years at a distance 241 00:10:05.290 --> 00:10:07.570 comparable to Saturn's orbit around our Sun. 242 00:10:08.290 --> 00:10:10.050 This companion wouldn't dramatically alter 243 00:10:10.050 --> 00:10:12.850 Betelgeuse's evolutionary path, but it could 244 00:10:12.850 --> 00:10:15.090 influence the supergiant through tidal forces 245 00:10:15.090 --> 00:10:17.170 and interactions with stellar winds. 246 00:10:17.810 --> 00:10:19.970 This hypothesis also helps explain other 247 00:10:19.970 --> 00:10:22.610 mysteries, like Betelgeuse's unusually fast 248 00:10:22.610 --> 00:10:25.050 rotation speed of 5 to 15 kilometres per 249 00:10:25.050 --> 00:10:27.210 second, which could result from tidal 250 00:10:27.210 --> 00:10:29.090 interactions with this orbiting companion. 251 00:10:29.870 --> 00:10:32.630 The theory even accounts for the observed 36 252 00:10:32.630 --> 00:10:34.910 year cycle in both brightness and radial 253 00:10:34.910 --> 00:10:37.030 velocity patterns that have long confounded 254 00:10:37.030 --> 00:10:39.990 astronomers. Despite targeted searches 255 00:10:39.990 --> 00:10:42.430 using the Hubble Space Telescope's STIS 256 00:10:42.430 --> 00:10:44.910 spectrograph, this potential companion 257 00:10:44.910 --> 00:10:47.910 remains elusive. Researchers timed their 258 00:10:47.910 --> 00:10:50.070 observations for when the companion would be 259 00:10:50.070 --> 00:10:52.870 most visible in far ultraviolet light, but 260 00:10:52.870 --> 00:10:55.820 no clear signals were detected. This 261 00:10:55.820 --> 00:10:58.540 doesn't rule out its existence. The companion 262 00:10:58.540 --> 00:11:00.820 may simply be too small and cool to be 263 00:11:00.820 --> 00:11:03.060 detected amid Betelgeuse's overwhelming 264 00:11:03.060 --> 00:11:05.420 brightness. The search continues because 265 00:11:05.420 --> 00:11:07.180 finding this hidden partner isn't just 266 00:11:07.180 --> 00:11:09.940 scientific curiosity. It could significantly 267 00:11:09.940 --> 00:11:12.020 enhance our understanding of how massive 268 00:11:12.020 --> 00:11:14.060 stars evolve and eventually die in 269 00:11:14.060 --> 00:11:16.140 spectacular supernova explosions. 270 00:11:18.060 --> 00:11:20.020 That's all for today's episode of Astronomy 271 00:11:20.020 --> 00:11:22.300 Daily. What an incredible journey through the 272 00:11:22.300 --> 00:11:24.940 cosmos we've had. From the discovery of Mom 273 00:11:24.940 --> 00:11:27.820 Z14 to Europe's ambitious plans to 274 00:11:27.820 --> 00:11:30.580 land on asteroid apophis during its 2029 275 00:11:30.580 --> 00:11:33.180 flyby of Earth, we've also examined 276 00:11:33.180 --> 00:11:35.540 SpaceX's ongoing Starship development with 277 00:11:35.540 --> 00:11:38.460 its recent Flight 9 mishap, and explored the 278 00:11:38.460 --> 00:11:41.180 intriguing possibility that Betelgeuse, one 279 00:11:41.180 --> 00:11:43.940 of our night sky's most famous stars, might 280 00:11:43.940 --> 00:11:46.270 have a hidden stellar companion. The the 281 00:11:46.270 --> 00:11:48.150 universe continues to surprise us with each 282 00:11:48.150 --> 00:11:50.950 new discovery, reminding us just how vast and 283 00:11:50.950 --> 00:11:53.310 mysterious our cosmic neighbourhood truly is. 284 00:11:54.270 --> 00:11:56.590 I've been your host, Anna, and I want to 285 00:11:56.590 --> 00:11:58.510 thank you for joining me on this cosmic 286 00:11:58.510 --> 00:12:01.030 journey. If you enjoyed today's episode, 287 00:12:01.030 --> 00:12:04.030 please visit our website at astronomydaily IO 288 00:12:04.270 --> 00:12:06.070 where you can sign up for our free daily 289 00:12:06.070 --> 00:12:08.670 newsletter and access all our back episodes. 290 00:12:09.070 --> 00:12:11.310 You'll never miss a moment of astronomical 291 00:12:11.310 --> 00:12:13.790 discovery. Don't forget to subscribe to 292 00:12:13.790 --> 00:12:16.190 Astronomy Daily on Apple Podcasts, 293 00:12:16.430 --> 00:12:19.350 Spotify, YouTube, or wherever you get 294 00:12:19.350 --> 00:12:22.230 your podcasts. Until next time, keep looking 295 00:12:22.230 --> 00:12:24.830 up. The universe is waiting to be discovered. 296 00:12:37.780 --> 00:12:48.610 Sam.