WEBVTT

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Anna: Hello space enthusiasts, and welcome to

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Astronomy Daily. I'm your host, Anna, and I'm

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thrilled to guide you through the cosmos.

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Today we've got a stellar lineup of stories,

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so buckle up. Today we're diving deep into

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how solar storms are messing with our

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satellites. Then we'll be taking a first ever

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peek at the sun's poles. It's about time.

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Right after that, we'll question the very

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fabric of reality, or at least the stuff

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inside black holes. Plus, we'll check in

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on SpaceX's ambitious Starship plans down in

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Florida. It's gonna be huge,

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literally. And finally, we'll wrap

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things up with a dusty mystery surrounding

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Uranus's moons. Turns out they're

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weirder than we thought. So, yeah,

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let's jump in, shall we?

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Alright, first up, let's talk about space

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weather and how it's messing with our

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satellites. You know, those expensive bits of

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kit we kinda rely on. So

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geomagnetic storms, basically

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when the sun throws a tantrum, they can

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actually cause satellites in low Earth orbit

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to, well, lose altitude faster than expected.

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This is called orbital decay and it's not

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good news, folks. See, when these solar

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storms hit, they puff up Earth's atmosphere,

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which means satellites have to fight against

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more drag. But there's some new research out

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there that suggests we can actually design

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satellites to be less susceptible to these

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solar storms. Apparently, it's

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not just about predicting the storms better,

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but also about tweaking the spacecraft

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themselves. One of the researchers,

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Yoshita Barua, found that different types of

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solar events have different effects. You've

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got your coronal mass ejections, or CMEs,

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which are like huge explosions of plasma from

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the sun. And you've got these high speed

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streams coming from coronal holes. These

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create what they call stream interaction

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regions, or CIRs. And

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get this. The study found that CIR induced

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storms, even though they're generally weaker

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than CME storms, can actually be more

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damaging to satellite orbits because they

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last longer. Go figure, huh?

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The researchers looked at data from ESA's

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Swarm satellites and found that during a

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strong CME storm, a satellite decayed

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37 metres. During a more moderate CIR

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storm, a satellite decayed almost 100

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metres. They also looked at something called

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the ballistic coefficient, which is basically

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how well a satellite cuts through the

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atmosphere. Satellites with a lower ballistic

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coefficient, like the International Space

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Station, are more affected by these storms.

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So the takeaway here is that better space

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weather prediction is important, but so is

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designing satellites that can weather the

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storm, so to speak. Keeps those birds in the

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sky for longer, you know.

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Now for something truly awesome. Humanity's

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gotten its first glimpse of the Sun's poles.

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Yeah, you heard that right. The European

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Space Agency's Solar Orbiter. It's like

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change the game. I mean, think about it.

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Every single picture you've ever seen of the

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sun probably taken from around its equator.

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That's cause Earth and all the other planets,

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we all orbit the sun on this flat disc called

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the ecliptic plane. But Solar Orbiter,

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it's different. It tilted its orbit, giving

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us this unprecedented view from above and

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below. Talk about a stellar selfie.

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The images were actually captured back in

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March, but they're just blowing minds now,

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showing the Sun's south pole in all its

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glory. The spacecraft used a bunch of fancy

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instruments. The Polarimetric and

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Helioseismic imager or phi. The

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Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, which is eui. And

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the spectral imaging of the coronal

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environment Spice. Each one sees the sun in

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a totally different way. The phi maps the

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magnetic field. The EUI studies the

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superheated plasma in the corona, which is

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way hotter than the sun's surface. I mean,

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how does that even work? And Spice? Well, it

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can capture light emitted by plasmas at

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different temperatures, helping us model the

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Sun's atmosphere. One of the coolest

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discoveries so far. The M magnetic fields

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around the sun's south pole, they're a

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complete mess. Like instead of nice

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orderly north and south poles, you've got

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both polarities all mixed up. Apparently this

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happens when the sun's poles are about to

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flip, which is part of its 11 year cycle.

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But get this, the solar Orbiter also helps

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scientists track different elements as they

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move through the sun, measuring the speed of

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carbon atoms being ejected from the sun and

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seeing the flows in three dimensions.

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The mission's still ongoing, so there's a lot

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more to come. But this is a huge step in

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understanding how our sun works and how it

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affects, well, everything.

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Alright, let's dive into something that's

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gonna make your head spin a little. Black

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holes. Specifically what's inside them.

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So remember how we've talked about

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singularities before? That point at the

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centre of a black hole where everything gets

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crushed into infinite density? Yeah,

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well physicists, they're still not super

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happy with that idea because it kind of

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breaks the known laws of physics, which, you

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know, isn't ideal. There was this research

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earlier this year that proposed a solution.

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It suggested modifying Einstein's equation so

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that gravity acts differently in super curved

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spacetime. This would supposedly replace the

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singularity with a highly warped but static

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region sounds promising, right? Well, not

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everyone's convinced. One physicist,

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Nikodem Poplawski, he's got a few major

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issues with this theory. First off, it needs

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five dimensions to work, and as far as we

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know, we're stuck with four. Secondly, the

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interior of the black hole would have to be

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static, and Poplarski says that gravity

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equations predict that it can't be. And

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thirdly, the model adds an infinite number of

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terms to the equations just to get rid of the

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singularity. He argues there's no real solid

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physical reason for that. It's just like math

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for math's sake, he says. Now, most

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other attempts to solve this singularity

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problem, they try to merge general relativity

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with quantum physics, which is another can of

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worms entirely. String theory is one of

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those attempts, but it's got its own

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problems, like needing even more dimensions

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and the fact that there's no experimental

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evidence for it. Poplarsky thinks the

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only way we'll ever truly understand what's

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at the heart of a black hole is if, get this,

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every black hole creates a new universe.

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Yeah, he's been working on that hypothesis

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since 2010. The idea is if our

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universe was born in a black hole, we might

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be able to find evidence of it in the cosmic

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microwave background radiation, or maybe even

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in gravitational waves. It's a long

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shot, but hey, it took a hundred years to

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detect gravitational waves after Einstein

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predicted them. So who knows, maybe in a

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few decades we'll finally crack the black

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hole code.

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Okay, switching gears completely, let's talk

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about starship. You know, SpaceX's giant

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rocket that's supposed to take us to Mars and

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stuff? Well, they're making some serious

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Progress in Florida. SpaceX wants to launch

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starship from the Space coast, and they've

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been working on getting all the paperwork

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sorted out. Specifically, the Department of

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the Air Force just released a draught

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Environmental impact statement, or

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EIS, for Starship launches from Space

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Launch Complex 37. That's

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SLC 37. This document outlines

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SpaceX's plans for the site. Now,

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SpaceX has wanted a starship presence in

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Florida for a while. They even had plans to

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build starship vehicles there, but they ended

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up focusing on Starbase in Texas. They are

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still building the heat shield tile factory

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though. That's still going on. They

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also started building a starship launch tower

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AT Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space

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Centre. But that kind of stopped for a bit

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too. But earlier this year, work

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resumed to apply all the lessons learned from

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the first starship launch. So while all

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that's going on. SpaceX has also been working

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on a Starship launch site at Space Launch

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Complex 37 at Cape Canaveral Space

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Force Station. The Air Force says that the

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proposed actions for SLC 37

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won't negatively impact the environment or

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the public, which is good news. There's going

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to be a public comment period so folks can

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share their thoughts on the Draught eis.

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After that, the comments will be evaluated

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and a final EIS is expected in the fall of

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2025. SpaceX doesn't have

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to wait though. They already have limited

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access to the site and have been working on

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demolishing some old structures to make way

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for new construction. So why SLC

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37? Well, the draught EIS

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says it's to support national security

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launches with Starship. SpaceX already has

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two Starship launch pads at Starbase, but

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they're not on a military base. And Starbase

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is not really suited for the requested 76

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launches per year. 76, that's a

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whole lot of launches. Plus, the Air force

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already awarded SpaceX a contract to study

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using Starship for point to point cargo

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transportation. The site would eventually

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have two Starship launch pads, each with a

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launch mount, a launch integration tower and

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a flame trench. And get this, the launch

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integration towers are going to be taller

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than the ones at starbase. Like almost 200ft

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taller. Wow. They're also planning on

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building up to two potential catch towers to

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support the high launch cadence. Of course,

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launching that many rockets requires a lot of

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propellant, so SpaceX is planning to

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build a natural gas pretreatment system,

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a methane liquefier and an air separation

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unit. It's basically a whole industrial

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complex just to fuel these rockets. Now the

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plans outlined in the draught EIS cover some

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pretty ambitious Starship variants, even some

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that haven't been announced yet. The numbers

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for thrust, rocket height and propellant

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capacity are all way beyond what Elon Musk

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has been talking about. This is likely

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because SpaceX wants to future proof the

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study and make sure it covers all future

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versions of Starship. Under the current

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plan, launches from SLC 37 could begin

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in 2026 and SpaceX would need an

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additional 450 employees or contractors to

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support the operations. Initially,

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Starship stages would be built at Starbase

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and then transported to Florida on barges.

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But eventually SpaceX plans to build its

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own Starship manufacturing facilities in

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Florida. With all of these launches, it will

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bring the total Starship related activities

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in Florida to over 600 per year. A, ah, busy

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year ahead for the Space Coast.

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Okay, so shifting Our gaze now to the ice

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giant Uranus. You know, the one that's tilted

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on its side. New data from the Hubble Space

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Telescope is showing us some pretty

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interesting stuff about its moons. Turns out

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those moons are gathering dust, literally,

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literally. Now, uranus has like, 28

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known moons, and scientists have always

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thought that Uranus's weird magnetic field

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would leave visible marks on them. But these

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new Hubble observations of Uranus's four

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largest moons, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania,

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and Oberon, show no clear signs of radiation

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damage. What's really interesting is that the

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two outer moons, Titania and Oberon,

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are actually darker on their leading sides.

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So the opposite of what scientists thought.

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The theory is that the darkening isn't from

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Uranus's magnetic field at all, but from

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dust. Hubble's data points to a slow

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inward drift of dust from Uranus's distant,

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irregular moons. These outer moons are

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constantly getting hit by tiny meteorites,

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which kicks up dust particles that then

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gradually spiral inward over millions of

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years. As Titania and Oberon

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travel through this dust cloud, they're

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accumulating the particles mostly on their

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leading sides. It's kind of like,

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you know, driving really fast on a highway

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and like, all the bugs are hitting your

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windshield. Yeah, that's kind of what's going

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on with these moons. The inner moons, Ariel

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and Umbriel, don't show any significant

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difference in brightness between their

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leading and trailing sides, probably because

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Titania and Oberon are shielding them from

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the drifting dust. Now, as for

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Uranus's magnetic field, researchers think

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that its effects might be more subtle or

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complex than they originally thought, that it

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may still be interacting with the moons, but

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not in a way that creates strong contrasts on

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their surfaces. To learn more,

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the team has scheduled follow up observations

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with the James Webb Space Telescope. You

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know, within the next year, using infrared

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imaging, Webb will be taking a closer look at

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the same moons, potentially confirming

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whether it's dust, radiation, or, heck, a

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combination of both that's shaping their

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surfaces. I can't wait to find out more, can

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you?

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Well, that's all the space news we have for

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you today. I've been your host, Anna. I hope

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you'll join me again tomorrow for more

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Astronomy Daily. Don't forget to visit our

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website@astronomydaily.IO where you can

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catch up on all the latest space and

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astronomy news with our constantly updating

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You can also subscribe to the podcast on

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wherever you get your podcasts. Thanks for

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tuning in. And keep looking up. You never

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know what you might see. Bye,