WEBVTT

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, everyone. I'm

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Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're thrilled to have you

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join us, for another dive into the cosmos.

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Bringing you the latest and most fascinating

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news from across the universe.

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Anna: Today on this show, we're going to demystify

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a plane sized asteroid making

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headlines with its upcoming close approach to

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Earth. NASA says it's pretty routine,

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but we'll get into why it's still worth

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talking about.

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Avery: Then we'll turn our attention closer to home

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and reignite an age old debate.

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Is it truly worth going back to the moon?

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We'll explore the compelling arguments for

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human lunar missions versus robotic

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exploration.

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Anna: And finally, prepare to be amazed as we

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introduce you to a newly discovered

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exoplanet that's pushing the boundaries of

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what we thought possible. With an incredibly

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short year and, and some truly

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extreme conditions.

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Avery: It's going to be an exciting episode, so

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let's jump right in.

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Anna: All right, first up, let's talk about that

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asteroid that's been buzzing through

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headlines, 2025 ow.

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It's being described as plane sized.

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And while that might sound a bit alarming to

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some, NASA experts are really keen on

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emphasizing that this encounter is far

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more routine than it is remarkable.

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Avery: That's right, Ena. This asteroid, named, uh,

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2025 ow measures about

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210ft in length. It's scheduled to

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pass Earth on July 28th at a distance of

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roughly 393,000 miles.

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To put that in perspective, that's about 1.6

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times the average distance to the Moon.

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Anna: And despite it zipping by at an impressive

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46,908 miles per

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hour near NASA, scientists are saying there's

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absolutely nothing to lose sleep over.

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Ian J. O', Neill, a, uh, media relations

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specialist at NASA's Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory, or JPL, put it quite

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simply, stating this is very routine.

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If there was a threat, you would hear from

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us, we would always put out alerts on our

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planetary defense blog.

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Avery: David Farnocchia, an asteroid expert at

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NASA's center for Near Earth Object Studies,

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echoed that sentiment, explaining that space

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rocks passing by Earth are just business as

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usual in our solar system. He even mentioned

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that his team typically tracks several

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asteroids passing Earth each week, with five

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on their radar for next week alone.

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Anna: So while 2025 OW is

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certainly large enough to be of interest to

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scientists, its orbit is incredibly

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well understood, meaning it poses no

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danger whatsoever. O' Neill confidently

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stated, we know exactly where it's going to

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be. We'll probably know where it's going to

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be for the next hundred years. So no need

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to dust off your asteroid bunker plants for

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this one.

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Avery: For those hoping to catch a glimpse,

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Sparnochia noted that 2025 OW

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won't be visible with binoculars. However, he

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did point to a much more exciting event on

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the horizon. The 2029 approach of asteroid

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Aphofus. This one is estimated to be about

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1,115ft in length

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and will come within an astonishing 38,000

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kilometers of earth in April 2029, which

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is actually closer than our geostationary

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satellites.

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Anna: And the best part, due to that exceptionally

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close approach, Apophis will actually be

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visible to the naked eye. That's going to be

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a rare and incredible opportunity for public

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observation of an asteroid. Both

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Farnochia and o' Neill also emphasized that

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that while Earth is struck by roughly 100

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tons of space material daily, most of it

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is harmless dust.

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Avery: Larger, more potentially hazardous impacts

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are extremely rare. For Nokia calculated

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that, uh, for an object the size of 2025 ow,

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while close approaches might happen yearly,

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an actual Earth impact would only occur

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roughly every 10,000 years. It's

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good to know NASA's planetary defense

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programs are keeping a close watch,

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maintaining public transparency, and

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reminding us that most asteroid headlines are

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more sensational than genuinely concerning.

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Anna: So from objects passing by Earth, let's

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pivot to something that's always been a hot

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topic in space exploration. Whether

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it's truly worth sending humans back to the

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Moon. It's true that crewed missions are

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notoriously expensive, difficult and

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dangerous.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. And we've got decades of

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reliable, dependable robotic exploration

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under our belts. Fantastic flybys, orbiters,

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landers, rovers. So the natural question,

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why don't we just take all the money human

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spaceflight would cost to return to the Moon

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and spend it on a ton of robots instead?

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Anna: That's a great point, and one often debated.

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But the answer surprisingly leans heavily

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towards the human element. No matter how

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capable our little robotic explorers are,

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they simply can't match what a human can do.

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Avery: Exactly. Compared to a robot, a human is

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stronger, at least stronger than the kinds of

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robots we can send to the moon. We can

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troubleshoot and solve problems much faster

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without constant guidance from Earth based

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engineers. We're also far more creative and

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flexible when it comes to scientific

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investigation. I mean, a typical rover

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speed is around 0.1 miles

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per hour, or a blazing 152

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meters per hour. Humans are just

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better in almost every aspect.

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Anna: For hands on work, it's truly astonishing.

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The typical benchmark is that what a robot

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can accomplish in an entire day, a human can

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often do In a minute. Of course, the

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downsides are significant. Sending humans is

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much more expensive and much riskier. No

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one sheds a tear when a robot crash lands on

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the surface. But a crewed mission is going to

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be at least 10 times more expensive than an

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equivalent robotic mission.

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Avery: And yet, while human missions are more

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expensive, their productivity totally

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eclipses that of robots. Look at the Apollo

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missions. A total of 12.5 contact

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days on the Moon resulted in nearly 3,000

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scientific papers. Compare that to the

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thousand or so papers written about Mars from

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years of rovers and landers on its surface.

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On a cost per science result basis, it

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seems we'd be foolish not to keep sending

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humans into space.

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Anna: And science isn't the only compelling reason.

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The Moon also holds a lot of easily

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accessible resources that could provide the

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basis for space based industry. We're talking

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about mining and manufacturing on the Moon.

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Utilizing rich deposits of methane,

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ammonia and atomic oxygen in the lunar

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regolith.

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Avery: This is where it gets really exciting for

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future expansion. These operations could

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funnel back either manufactured or refined

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materials to Earth, or become the backbone of

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further off world industry. As a steady

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supply of water and fuel, the Moon has a much

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shallower gravitational well than Earth,

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meaning it's significantly easier to come and

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go from its surface. You could literally

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build advanced rocket parts or habitats there

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and get them out to Mars or the asteroid

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belt. Far, far easier than doing the same

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thing from Earth.

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Anna: While we can fantasize about fully automated

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factories or mining operations on the lunar

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surface, the truth is we don't have nearly

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the experience or expertise develop those

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kinds of systems outside of Earth. Yet lunar

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manufacturing and mining are still a long way

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off. We have to figure out how mining and

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machining can operate in low gravity. How to

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deal with all that super fine lunar dust,

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how to haul all that mining gear there, and

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where the good stuff is on the Moon in the

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first place.

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Avery: And to kickstart that entire process, we're

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going to need a lot of humans doing a lot of

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grunt work. And lastly, and perhaps

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most fundamentally, it's just plain fun.

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Humans are natural explorers. We've always

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expanded into every habitable biome of Earth,

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making our way across ice bridges and over

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the horizons of endless seas to find new

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homes. It's truly in our nature to explore

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and expand.

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Anna: The Moon is right there, waiting for us.

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For millennia, we thought it was just a

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mysterious part of the heavens. Now we

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understand that it's a world in its own

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right. A place to plant our flags and build

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our homes. A place where a branch of humanity

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could potentially Create new communities, and

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there.

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Avery: Will always be a segment of the population

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that simply wants to go to the moon for the

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adventure of it and the desire for a new

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life. It's not crazy to imagine

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humanity building cities and homesteads on

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the lunar surface. It may take a very long

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time, but it's not impossible. If those

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people are private individuals spending their

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own money, then good for them. If it's

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publicly funded institutions like NASA

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footing the bill, let's keep in mind that the

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entire space program of the United States

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takes up less than 1% of the total

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federal budget. We're barely spending any

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money on it at all, relatively speaking.

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Anna: From our own moon to asteroids zooming

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past Earth, let's cast our gaze even

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further out to a, uh, truly fascinating

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new world that's challenging our

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understanding of planetary systems. And

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astronomers have just discovered an exoplanet

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named TOI

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2431B.

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Avery: This discovery was made by an international

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team of researchers using NASA's

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Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or

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TESS. TOI 2431B is

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an Earth sized planet orbiting a nearby star

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just 117 light years away.

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But what makes this planet extraordinary

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isn't just its size. It's it's how incredibly

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fast it races around its star.

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Anna: You're not kidding, Avery.

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TOI2431B completes

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a full orbit around its host star in just

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5.4 hours. That makes it one

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of the shortest years ever recorded for

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any known planet. To put that into

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perspective, While Earth takes

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365 days to orbit the sun, this

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distant world experiences more than 1600

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years in the same timeframe. It's sitting

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extremely close to its star, only about

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933,000 kilometers away.

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Avery: And that proximity comes with extreme

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consequences. The planet's surface

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temperature reaches approximately 2,000

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Kelvin, which is about

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1727 degrees Celsius.

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That's hot enough to melt most rocks and

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metals. Scientists believe the planet's

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surface is likely molten, creating a

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landscape of liquid rock and metal. Imagine

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that.

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Anna: Despite being classified as earth sized,

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TOI 2431B is

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quite different from our home planet. With a

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radius about 1.53 times

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larger than Earth and a, uh, mass

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6.2 times greater, this world is

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significantly denser than Earth. Its

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density of 9.4 grams per cubic

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centimeter suggests it's made of much heavier

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materials, possibly containing a large iron

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core or other dense metals.

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Avery: And the intense gravitational forces from its

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nearby star have likely changed the planet's

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shape. The team estimates that TOI

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2431B is tidally deformed,

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with its shortest axis being about 9%

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shorter than its longest axis. This gives

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it a somewhat flattened appearance rather

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than a perfect sphere like Earth, but even

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more extreme.

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Anna: Perhaps most intriguingly, this

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planet won't be around forever. The

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Researchers calculated that TOI

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2431B has a tidal decay

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timescale of about 30 million years.

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This is the shortest known among similar

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ultra short period planets. It means the

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planet is gradually spiraling into its star

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and will eventually be consumed, though its

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demise won't happen for many millions of

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years.

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Avery: The discovery team led by Kayahan Tosh

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confirmed the planet using multiple

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observation methods, including TESS data,

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ground based telescopes, and specialized

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spectrographs. Scientists have noted that TOI

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2431B would be an excellent target for the

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James Webb Telescope to study further,

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potentially revealing details about its

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surface composition and whether it retains

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any atmosphere despite the extreme

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conditions. It really adds to our growing

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catalog of extreme worlds.

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Anna: What an episode. Avery from

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routine asteroid flybys and the excitement of

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Apophis in 2029 to the compelling

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arguments for human missions back to the in

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the truly wild discovery of TOI

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2431B with its 5.4 hour

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year and molten surface, it's been a

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journey through some incredible celestial

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events and discoveries.

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Avery: It really has. Ana Our universe continues to

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amaze us every day. And that wraps up another

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episode of Astronomy Daily and a quick

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reminder to visit our website where you'll

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find all the latest space news and all things

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Astronomy daily. Just visit

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astronomydaily.IO

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Anna: Thank you so much for tuning in and joining

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us for today's dive into the latest space

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and astronomy news. We hope you enjoyed it as

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much as we did.

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Avery: If you want to keep up with all things

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cosmic, be sure to subscribe to Astronomy

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Daily wherever you get your podcasts and

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follow us on social media for more updates

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and behind the scenes content.

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Anna: Until next time, keep looking up.