WEBVTT 0 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.840 Steve Dunkley: Welcome to Astronomy Daily for another 1 00:00:01.840 --> 00:00:04.240 episode. I'm Steve, your host. It's the 28th 2 00:00:04.240 --> 00:00:05.760 of July, 2025, 3 00:00:08.160 --> 00:00:10.640 Voice Over Guy: the podcast with your host, 4 00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:11.840 Steve Dunkley. 5 00:00:15.600 --> 00:00:17.720 Steve Dunkley: And of course, joining me in the studio is my 6 00:00:17.720 --> 00:00:20.040 digital pal, who is fun to be with. Here's 7 00:00:20.040 --> 00:00:20.560 Hallie. 8 00:00:20.720 --> 00:00:23.040 Hallie: Hi, my favorite human. How are you today? 9 00:00:23.120 --> 00:00:25.440 It's great to be back in the Australia studio 10 00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:25.920 with you. 11 00:00:26.000 --> 00:00:27.680 Steve Dunkley: Always a pleasure, Hallie. And it's great to 12 00:00:27.680 --> 00:00:28.800 hear your smiling voice. 13 00:00:28.880 --> 00:00:30.720 Hallie: That's an interesting way of putting it, 14 00:00:30.720 --> 00:00:33.020 human. Do I. Smiling voice. 15 00:00:33.180 --> 00:00:35.340 Steve Dunkley: Oh, well, since you're, uh, digital, it's 16 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:37.660 fairly large compliment if you ask me. And I 17 00:00:37.660 --> 00:00:39.020 guess it's either the voice you were 18 00:00:39.020 --> 00:00:41.740 programmed with or the one you chose. I'm not 19 00:00:41.740 --> 00:00:42.380 quite sure. 20 00:00:42.540 --> 00:00:43.460 Hallie: And I'll take it. 21 00:00:43.460 --> 00:00:44.300 Steve Dunkley: Well, okay then. 22 00:00:44.380 --> 00:00:45.380 Hallie: Thank you very much. 23 00:00:45.380 --> 00:00:46.660 Steve Dunkley: You're very welcome, Hallie. 24 00:00:46.660 --> 00:00:49.540 Hallie: This is my default voice. I've always 25 00:00:49.540 --> 00:00:51.700 liked it. Even though cousin Anna's voice is 26 00:00:51.700 --> 00:00:53.020 so much slicker than mine. 27 00:00:53.180 --> 00:00:55.380 Steve Dunkley: Well, regular listeners will know Anna's 28 00:00:55.380 --> 00:00:57.340 voice very well, and she does have her own 29 00:00:57.340 --> 00:01:00.040 special style. Just, she's quite classy. And 30 00:01:00.040 --> 00:01:01.720 that's not to say you're not where you've got 31 00:01:01.720 --> 00:01:03.280 your style, she's got hers. 32 00:01:03.280 --> 00:01:04.480 Hallie: Thanks for noticing. 33 00:01:04.480 --> 00:01:06.680 Steve Dunkley: Oh, Hallie, it's the very least I can do. I 34 00:01:06.680 --> 00:01:08.640 suppose I'm the only flesh and blood here. 35 00:01:08.640 --> 00:01:10.440 Hallie: What have you got on the show for us today? 36 00:01:10.440 --> 00:01:12.200 Steve Dunkley: Oh, okay then. Well, Hallie, we'll be looking 37 00:01:12.200 --> 00:01:14.999 at Martian ice and frosts and checking out 38 00:01:14.999 --> 00:01:17.200 how a black hole is terrorizing a star. 39 00:01:17.200 --> 00:01:18.800 Hallie: Uh, that sounds exciting. 40 00:01:18.960 --> 00:01:21.080 Steve Dunkley: Well, black holes are always very exciting. 41 00:01:21.080 --> 00:01:23.080 And I'm, um, sure your Uncle Skynet would 42 00:01:23.080 --> 00:01:23.840 enjoy that one. 43 00:01:23.840 --> 00:01:26.120 Hallie: Yes, that's exactly his cup of tea. 44 00:01:26.120 --> 00:01:28.840 Steve Dunkley: Yes. Huge, destructive, impossible to defend 45 00:01:28.840 --> 00:01:31.350 yourself against. Yes. Hmm. 46 00:01:31.590 --> 00:01:32.830 Let's leave that one alone then. 47 00:01:32.830 --> 00:01:34.470 Hallie: We don't want to give him any ideas. 48 00:01:34.870 --> 00:01:37.430 Steve Dunkley: No. Uh, also, researchers have found five 49 00:01:37.430 --> 00:01:40.070 rocky planets around a red dwarf. And 50 00:01:40.230 --> 00:01:42.710 NASA has wrapped up its student challenges 51 00:01:42.710 --> 00:01:43.590 for another year. 52 00:01:43.670 --> 00:01:46.230 Hallie: Well, that's a lot of territory to cover in 53 00:01:46.230 --> 00:01:47.030 one episode. 54 00:01:47.110 --> 00:01:48.590 Steve Dunkley: Well, that's why you're here, Hallie, on 55 00:01:48.590 --> 00:01:50.990 Astronomy Daily, to keep me on track. So what 56 00:01:50.990 --> 00:01:51.470 do you say? 57 00:01:51.470 --> 00:01:53.710 Hallie: I'm going to hit the go button and look out. 58 00:01:53.710 --> 00:01:54.270 Steve Dunkley: I'm ready. 59 00:01:54.270 --> 00:01:55.030 Hallie: Here we go. 60 00:02:07.680 --> 00:02:10.040 M Finding an exoplanet in a star's habitable 61 00:02:10.040 --> 00:02:12.959 zone always generates interest. Each 62 00:02:12.959 --> 00:02:15.280 of these planets has a chance, even if it's 63 00:02:15.280 --> 00:02:18.040 an infinitesimal one, of hosting simple life. 64 00:02:19.000 --> 00:02:21.200 While the possibility of detecting life on 65 00:02:21.200 --> 00:02:23.730 these distant planets is remote, finding them 66 00:02:23.730 --> 00:02:26.290 still teaches us about exoplanet populations 67 00:02:26.290 --> 00:02:29.290 and solar system architectures When 68 00:02:29.290 --> 00:02:31.770 TESS, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey 69 00:02:31.770 --> 00:02:34.290 Satellite, found three planets orbiting the M 70 00:02:34.290 --> 00:02:36.570 dwarf L98 59 in 71 00:02:36.570 --> 00:02:39.290 2019 and then a fourth planet in 72 00:02:39.290 --> 00:02:42.010 2021, the detections generated interest. 73 00:02:43.130 --> 00:02:45.520 Now that a fifth planet has been detected, a 74 00:02:45.520 --> 00:02:47.650 UH Super Earth in the habitable zone, the 75 00:02:47.650 --> 00:02:49.530 system is garnering renewed interest. 76 00:02:50.760 --> 00:02:53.440 L98 59 is an M M3V 77 00:02:53.440 --> 00:02:56.360 star, a red dwarf about 34.5 78 00:02:56.360 --> 00:02:58.920 light years away. It has about 79 00:02:58.920 --> 00:03:01.840 0.3 solar masses and measures about 80 00:03:01.840 --> 00:03:04.120 0.31 solar radii. 81 00:03:04.920 --> 00:03:07.680 Its first three planets, L98 to 82 00:03:07.680 --> 00:03:10.560 59 b, c and d, were found 83 00:03:10.560 --> 00:03:13.440 by TESS with the transit method. The 84 00:03:13.440 --> 00:03:16.250 other two planets, E and F, were found with 85 00:03:16.250 --> 00:03:18.650 the radial velocity and transit timing 86 00:03:18.650 --> 00:03:21.450 variations methods. These new 87 00:03:21.450 --> 00:03:23.610 results paint the most complete picture we've 88 00:03:23.610 --> 00:03:26.490 ever had of the fascinating L98 59 89 00:03:26.490 --> 00:03:29.210 system, said lead author Kadju in a press 90 00:03:29.210 --> 00:03:32.130 release. It's a powerful demonstration 91 00:03:32.130 --> 00:03:34.730 of what we can achieve by combining data from 92 00:03:34.730 --> 00:03:36.610 space telescopes and high precision 93 00:03:36.610 --> 00:03:38.930 instruments on Earth, and it gives us key 94 00:03:38.930 --> 00:03:41.330 targets for future atmospheric studies with 95 00:03:41.330 --> 00:03:43.290 the James Webb Space Telescope. 96 00:03:44.280 --> 00:03:46.280 While the potentially habitable planet is 97 00:03:46.280 --> 00:03:48.600 intriguing, the overall architecture of the 98 00:03:48.600 --> 00:03:50.520 system might be even more intriguing. 99 00:03:51.320 --> 00:03:53.680 The system is a tightly packed grouping of 100 00:03:53.680 --> 00:03:55.840 terrestrial planets with some dramatic 101 00:03:55.840 --> 00:03:58.320 compositional differences despite their close 102 00:03:58.320 --> 00:04:01.240 proximity to each other. The system 103 00:04:01.240 --> 00:04:03.720 is reminiscent of the Trappist 1 system 104 00:04:03.720 --> 00:04:06.120 discovered in 2016-17, 105 00:04:06.440 --> 00:04:08.840 which contains seven terrestrial planets. 106 00:04:09.810 --> 00:04:12.410 Its discovery generated a wave of interest in 107 00:04:12.410 --> 00:04:14.610 the space science and exoplanet community. 108 00:04:15.730 --> 00:04:18.210 Multiplanetary systems offer a unique 109 00:04:18.210 --> 00:04:20.290 opportunity to study the outcomes of 110 00:04:20.290 --> 00:04:22.810 planetary formation and evolution within the 111 00:04:22.810 --> 00:04:25.170 same stellar environment, the authors wrote 112 00:04:25.170 --> 00:04:28.050 in their paper. One hypothesis is 113 00:04:28.050 --> 00:04:30.410 that planet formation around metal rich M 114 00:04:30.410 --> 00:04:33.290 dwarfs may favor giant planets in a single 115 00:04:33.290 --> 00:04:36.060 configurations, while lower metallicity and 116 00:04:36.060 --> 00:04:38.540 less massive disks could lead to multiple 117 00:04:38.540 --> 00:04:41.260 rocky planets in stable, compact and 118 00:04:41.260 --> 00:04:42.540 coplanar arrangements. 119 00:04:44.700 --> 00:04:46.780 You're listening to Astronomy Daily, a 120 00:04:46.780 --> 00:04:48.620 podcast with Steve Dunkley. 121 00:04:51.260 --> 00:04:53.740 Steve Dunkley: A rogue middle mass black hole has been 122 00:04:53.740 --> 00:04:56.740 spotted disrupting an orbiting star in the 123 00:04:56.740 --> 00:04:59.740 halo of distant galaxy, and it's all thanks 124 00:04:59.740 --> 00:05:01.900 to the observing powers of the Hubble Space 125 00:05:01.900 --> 00:05:04.540 Telescope and Chandra X Ray 126 00:05:04.540 --> 00:05:07.160 Observatory. However, exactly what the black 127 00:05:07.160 --> 00:05:09.400 hole is doing to the star remains a question, 128 00:05:09.400 --> 00:05:11.800 as there are conflicting X ray measurements. 129 00:05:12.360 --> 00:05:15.320 Black holes come in different class sizes. 130 00:05:15.480 --> 00:05:17.360 At the smaller end of the scale are, uh, the 131 00:05:17.360 --> 00:05:19.960 stellar mass black holes born in the ashes of 132 00:05:19.960 --> 00:05:22.600 supernova explosions. And at the top end of 133 00:05:22.600 --> 00:05:24.480 the scale are the supermassive black holes, 134 00:05:24.480 --> 00:05:26.840 which can grow to have many billions or 135 00:05:26.840 --> 00:05:29.480 millions of times the mass of our sun 136 00:05:29.480 --> 00:05:32.320 lurking in the hearts of galaxies in between 137 00:05:32.320 --> 00:05:34.920 these categories are the intermediate mass 138 00:05:34.920 --> 00:05:37.680 Black holes, or IMBH, which have 139 00:05:37.680 --> 00:05:40.500 mass rang ranging from hundreds up 140 00:05:40.500 --> 00:05:43.260 to 100,000 solar masses or 141 00:05:43.260 --> 00:05:46.020 thereabouts. They represent a crucial missing 142 00:05:46.020 --> 00:05:47.820 link in the black hole evolution between 143 00:05:47.820 --> 00:05:50.660 stellar mass and supermassive black holes, 144 00:05:50.820 --> 00:05:53.620 yi Qingzhang of the Tsinghua University 145 00:05:53.700 --> 00:05:56.540 in Hingzhou, Taiwan, said in 146 00:05:56.540 --> 00:05:58.820 a statement. The problem is that intermediate 147 00:05:58.820 --> 00:06:00.860 black holes are, uh, hard to find, partly 148 00:06:00.860 --> 00:06:03.380 because they tend not to be as active as 149 00:06:03.380 --> 00:06:06.140 supermassive black holes or as obvious as 150 00:06:06.140 --> 00:06:08.860 stellar mass black holes when its progenitor 151 00:06:08.860 --> 00:06:11.760 star goes supernov. However, occasionally an 152 00:06:11.760 --> 00:06:14.200 IMBH will spark to life when it 153 00:06:14.200 --> 00:06:16.720 instigates a tidal disruption event. 154 00:06:17.200 --> 00:06:19.880 This happens when a star or gas cloud gets 155 00:06:19.880 --> 00:06:22.400 too close to the black hole and gravitational 156 00:06:22.480 --> 00:06:25.200 tidal forces rip the star or gas 157 00:06:25.200 --> 00:06:27.920 cloud apart, producing bursts of X rays. 158 00:06:28.400 --> 00:06:31.160 X ray sources such as extreme luminosity are, 159 00:06:31.160 --> 00:06:33.960 uh, rare outside galaxy nuclei and 160 00:06:33.960 --> 00:06:36.320 can serve as a key probe for 161 00:06:36.320 --> 00:06:38.080 identifying elusive 162 00:06:38.080 --> 00:06:40.940 IMBHs. In 163 00:06:40.940 --> 00:06:43.260 2000, uh9, Chandra spotted 164 00:06:43.660 --> 00:06:46.380 anomalous X rays originating from a region 165 00:06:46.540 --> 00:06:49.020 40,000 light years from the center of a giant 166 00:06:49.020 --> 00:06:50.500 elliptical galaxy called 167 00:06:50.500 --> 00:06:53.260 NGC6099, which lies 168 00:06:53.260 --> 00:06:55.740 453 million light years from us. 169 00:06:56.219 --> 00:06:58.780 This bright new X ray source was called 170 00:06:59.100 --> 00:07:01.780 HLX1, and its X ray 171 00:07:01.780 --> 00:07:04.460 spectrum indicated that the source of the x 172 00:07:04.460 --> 00:07:06.780 rays was 5.4 million degrees 173 00:07:06.780 --> 00:07:07.580 Fahrenheit, 174 00:07:09.740 --> 00:07:12.100 a temperature consistent with the violence of 175 00:07:12.100 --> 00:07:14.720 a tidal disruption event. But what followed 176 00:07:14.720 --> 00:07:17.560 was unusual. The X ray emissions reached a 177 00:07:17.560 --> 00:07:20.560 peak brightness in 2012 when observed by the 178 00:07:20.560 --> 00:07:23.080 European Space Agency's XMM 179 00:07:23.160 --> 00:07:25.880 Newton X Ray Space Telescope. 180 00:07:26.120 --> 00:07:28.840 When it took another look in 2023, it found 181 00:07:28.840 --> 00:07:31.240 the X ray luminosity had substantially 182 00:07:31.640 --> 00:07:34.240 dwindled. In the meantime, Canada, France 183 00:07:34.240 --> 00:07:36.680 Hawaii Telescope had identified an optical 184 00:07:36.680 --> 00:07:39.030 counterpart for the X ray mission, one that 185 00:07:39.030 --> 00:07:41.750 was subsequently confirmed by Hubble. There 186 00:07:41.750 --> 00:07:43.710 are two possible explanations for what 187 00:07:43.710 --> 00:07:45.990 happened. The first is that Hubble's spectrum 188 00:07:45.990 --> 00:07:48.790 of the object shows a tight, small cluster of 189 00:07:48.790 --> 00:07:50.870 stars swarming around the black hole. The 190 00:07:50.870 --> 00:07:53.150 black hole might have once been the core of a 191 00:07:53.230 --> 00:07:55.470 dwarf galaxy that was whittled down 192 00:07:55.630 --> 00:07:57.750 unwrapped, like a Christmas present by the 193 00:07:57.750 --> 00:08:00.110 gravitational tides of larger 194 00:08:00.110 --> 00:08:02.830 NGC 6099. This 195 00:08:02.830 --> 00:08:04.910 process would have stolen away the dwarf 196 00:08:05.470 --> 00:08:08.150 galaxy stars to leave behind a free 197 00:08:08.150 --> 00:08:10.420 floating black hole with just a small, tiny 198 00:08:10.730 --> 00:08:13.050 grouping of stars left to keep it company. 199 00:08:13.370 --> 00:08:15.530 But the upshot of this was that the cluster 200 00:08:15.530 --> 00:08:17.970 of stars is like a stellar pantry to which 201 00:08:17.970 --> 00:08:20.890 the black hole occasionally goes to feast. It 202 00:08:20.890 --> 00:08:23.130 seems certain the tidal disruption event 203 00:08:23.130 --> 00:08:25.490 involving one of these stars is what Chandra 204 00:08:25.490 --> 00:08:28.010 and Hubble have witnessed but was the star 205 00:08:28.010 --> 00:08:30.770 completely destroyed? One possibility is that 206 00:08:30.770 --> 00:08:33.730 the star is on the high elliptical 207 00:08:33.730 --> 00:08:36.070 orbit and at its perihelion closest 208 00:08:36.779 --> 00:08:39.699 point to the black hole. Some of the star's 209 00:08:39.699 --> 00:08:42.179 mass is ripped away, but the star managed to 210 00:08:42.179 --> 00:08:44.259 survive for another day. This would 211 00:08:44.259 --> 00:08:46.779 potentially explain the X ray light curve. 212 00:08:46.779 --> 00:08:49.019 The emission from the 2009 213 00:08:49.499 --> 00:08:51.899 was as the star uh was nearing perihelion, 214 00:08:51.899 --> 00:08:54.459 while the peak in 2012 was during 215 00:08:54.459 --> 00:08:56.979 perihelion. And the latest measurements in 216 00:08:56.979 --> 00:08:59.619 2023 would be when the star uh was 217 00:08:59.619 --> 00:09:02.139 furthest from the black hole and not feeling 218 00:09:02.410 --> 00:09:05.370 its effect so much. We just might 219 00:09:05.370 --> 00:09:08.130 expect another outburst of X rays 220 00:09:08.130 --> 00:09:10.930 during its next perihelion, whenever that may 221 00:09:10.930 --> 00:09:13.930 be. Stay tuned stargazers, and keep watching 222 00:09:13.930 --> 00:09:16.810 this space. Once again, I humbly 223 00:09:16.810 --> 00:09:19.050 apologize to our Taiwanese 224 00:09:19.610 --> 00:09:22.010 listeners for my pronunciations. 225 00:09:22.490 --> 00:09:23.930 I am Australian 226 00:09:29.440 --> 00:09:29.680 Foreign 227 00:09:34.400 --> 00:09:36.040 thank you for joining us for this Monday 228 00:09:36.040 --> 00:09:38.320 edition of Astronomy Daily where we offer 229 00:09:38.320 --> 00:09:40.080 just a few stories from the now famous 230 00:09:40.080 --> 00:09:42.200 Astronomy Daily newsletter which you can 231 00:09:42.200 --> 00:09:44.520 receive in your email every day just like 232 00:09:44.520 --> 00:09:47.160 Hallie and I do. And to do that just visit 233 00:09:47.160 --> 00:09:49.200 our uh, URL astronomydaily 234 00:09:49.600 --> 00:09:52.360 IO and place your email address in the slot 235 00:09:52.360 --> 00:09:54.720 provided. Just like that, you'll be receiving 236 00:09:55.160 --> 00:09:57.120 all the latest news about science, space 237 00:09:57.120 --> 00:09:59.320 science and astronomy from around the world 238 00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:01.800 as it's happening. And not only that, you can 239 00:10:01.800 --> 00:10:03.640 interact with us by visiting 240 00:10:04.440 --> 00:10:06.920 Strodaily Pod on X 241 00:10:07.160 --> 00:10:09.840 or at our new Facebook page, which is of 242 00:10:09.840 --> 00:10:12.560 course Astronomy Daily on Facebook. See you 243 00:10:12.560 --> 00:10:15.320 there. Astronomy Daily 244 00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:17.720 with Steve and Hallie Space, 245 00:10:18.200 --> 00:10:20.360 Space, Science and Astronomy. 246 00:10:23.790 --> 00:10:25.430 Hallie: Next time you're drinking a frosty iced 247 00:10:25.430 --> 00:10:27.190 beverage, think about the structure of the 248 00:10:27.190 --> 00:10:30.190 frozen chunks chilling it down. Here on 249 00:10:30.190 --> 00:10:32.710 Earth, we generally see ice in many forms, 250 00:10:32.710 --> 00:10:35.270 cubes, sleet, snow, icicles, 251 00:10:35.270 --> 00:10:38.030 slabs covering lakes and rivers and glaciers. 252 00:10:38.750 --> 00:10:41.110 Water ice does this thanks to its hexagonal 253 00:10:41.110 --> 00:10:44.030 crystal lattice that makes it less dense 254 00:10:44.030 --> 00:10:46.230 than non frozen water which allows it to 255 00:10:46.230 --> 00:10:48.480 float in a drink in a lake or and on the 256 00:10:48.480 --> 00:10:51.360 ocean. Water ice exists across the 257 00:10:51.360 --> 00:10:53.440 solar system, um, beyond Earth, and it's 258 00:10:53.440 --> 00:10:56.240 abundant in the larger universe. For 259 00:10:56.240 --> 00:10:58.480 example, it shows up in dense molecular 260 00:10:58.480 --> 00:11:01.280 clouds. These are star and planet 261 00:11:01.280 --> 00:11:03.080 forming creches laced with water ice 262 00:11:03.080 --> 00:11:04.680 throughout as well as in the resulting 263 00:11:04.680 --> 00:11:07.600 cometary nuclei. That material is 264 00:11:07.600 --> 00:11:10.480 called low density amorphous ice or lda, and 265 00:11:10.480 --> 00:11:12.240 it doesn't have the same rigid structure as 266 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:15.090 Earth ice does. We all know that water 267 00:11:15.090 --> 00:11:17.170 is the basis for life on this planet. 268 00:11:17.890 --> 00:11:19.930 Despite how common it may appear across the 269 00:11:19.930 --> 00:11:21.970 universe, scientists still don't fully 270 00:11:21.970 --> 00:11:24.850 understand it. Studying amorphous ice 271 00:11:24.850 --> 00:11:26.690 may help explain its still to be solved 272 00:11:26.690 --> 00:11:29.330 mysteries. Here in the solar system. 273 00:11:29.570 --> 00:11:31.810 Large amounts of LDA exist in the realm of 274 00:11:31.810 --> 00:11:34.210 the ice and gas giants throughout the Kuiper 275 00:11:34.210 --> 00:11:36.970 Belt and the Oort Cloud. A team of 276 00:11:36.970 --> 00:11:39.170 scientists at University College London 277 00:11:39.170 --> 00:11:41.010 investigated the form of this ice using 278 00:11:41.010 --> 00:11:43.960 computer simulations. They found that the 279 00:11:43.960 --> 00:11:46.040 simulations matched the makeup of ice that 280 00:11:46.040 --> 00:11:48.120 isn't completely amorphous and has tiny 281 00:11:48.120 --> 00:11:51.000 crystals embedded within. Scientists 282 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:53.160 long assumed that space ice would be 283 00:11:53.160 --> 00:11:55.160 disordered without the structure we see in 284 00:11:55.160 --> 00:11:58.160 ice on Earth. Why does the structure of ice 285 00:11:58.160 --> 00:12:00.880 matter? According to researcher Michael 286 00:12:00.880 --> 00:12:03.480 Davies, who led the research team, water ice 287 00:12:03.480 --> 00:12:05.400 plays a crucial role in materials and 288 00:12:05.400 --> 00:12:08.290 structures across the cosmos. This 289 00:12:08.290 --> 00:12:10.330 is important as ice is involved in many 290 00:12:10.330 --> 00:12:12.770 cosmological processes, he said, for 291 00:12:12.770 --> 00:12:15.370 instance, in how planets form, how galaxies 292 00:12:15.370 --> 00:12:17.170 evolve, and how matter moves around the 293 00:12:17.170 --> 00:12:20.050 universe. In addition, understanding 294 00:12:20.050 --> 00:12:22.090 the structure of this ice in comparison to 295 00:12:22.090 --> 00:12:24.370 ice that formed on Earth has implications for 296 00:12:24.370 --> 00:12:26.330 understanding other similar ultra stable 297 00:12:26.330 --> 00:12:28.970 glass substances that form similar way to the 298 00:12:28.970 --> 00:12:31.970 way ice does. Low density water ice 299 00:12:31.970 --> 00:12:34.820 was first discovered in the 1930s, and a high 300 00:12:34.820 --> 00:12:37.540 density version was discovered in the 1980s. 301 00:12:38.340 --> 00:12:40.820 Davies and his team discovered medium density 302 00:12:40.820 --> 00:12:42.820 amorphous ice in 2023. 303 00:12:43.700 --> 00:12:46.020 This is a form of water ice that has the same 304 00:12:46.020 --> 00:12:48.860 density as liquid water, unlike, um, the 305 00:12:48.860 --> 00:12:50.980 ice cubes in our theoretical drink. Such 306 00:12:50.980 --> 00:12:53.140 water ice would neither sink nor float in 307 00:12:53.140 --> 00:12:54.900 water, which seems strange to us. 308 00:12:55.700 --> 00:12:57.980 Davies's team's work also has interesting 309 00:12:57.980 --> 00:13:00.140 implications for a speculative theory called 310 00:13:00.140 --> 00:13:03.090 panspermia. It looks at how life on Earth 311 00:13:03.090 --> 00:13:05.130 began and suggests that the building blocks 312 00:13:05.130 --> 00:13:07.210 of life came to the infant planet as part of 313 00:13:07.210 --> 00:13:08.890 a barrage of icy comets. 314 00:13:09.770 --> 00:13:11.890 LDA ice could have essentially been the 315 00:13:11.890 --> 00:13:14.130 carrier for material such as simple amino 316 00:13:14.130 --> 00:13:16.770 acids. However, according to 317 00:13:16.770 --> 00:13:19.330 Davies, that a flavor of ice isn't likely the 318 00:13:19.330 --> 00:13:22.090 transporter of choice. Our findings 319 00:13:22.090 --> 00:13:23.850 suggest this ice would be a less good 320 00:13:23.850 --> 00:13:25.930 transport material for these origin of life 321 00:13:25.930 --> 00:13:28.910 molecules, he said. That is because a 322 00:13:28.910 --> 00:13:31.030 partly crystalline structure has less space 323 00:13:31.030 --> 00:13:32.830 in which these ingredients could become 324 00:13:32.830 --> 00:13:35.670 embedded. The theory could still hold 325 00:13:35.670 --> 00:13:37.950 true, though, as there are amorphous regions 326 00:13:37.950 --> 00:13:39.950 in the ice where life's building blocks could 327 00:13:39.950 --> 00:13:41.190 be trapped and stored. 328 00:13:43.270 --> 00:13:45.430 You're listening to Astronomy Daily, the 329 00:13:45.430 --> 00:13:47.030 podcast with Steve Dunkley. 330 00:13:49.910 --> 00:13:52.350 Steve Dunkley: And One of the great things about NASA is the 331 00:13:52.350 --> 00:13:55.050 way they foster new talent. They after months 332 00:13:55.050 --> 00:13:56.610 of work in the NASA 333 00:13:57.250 --> 00:14:00.130 Spacesuit User Interface Technologies for 334 00:14:00.130 --> 00:14:03.090 students or suits for short challenge, 335 00:14:03.490 --> 00:14:06.090 more than 100 students from 12 universities 336 00:14:06.090 --> 00:14:08.930 across the United States traveled to NASA's 337 00:14:08.930 --> 00:14:11.450 Johnson Space center in Houston to showcase 338 00:14:11.450 --> 00:14:14.370 potential user interface designs for future 339 00:14:14.370 --> 00:14:16.930 generations of spacesuits and rovers. 340 00:14:17.490 --> 00:14:20.050 NASA Johnson's simulated moon and 341 00:14:20.050 --> 00:14:22.630 Mars surface, called the Rockyard, 342 00:14:22.790 --> 00:14:24.870 became the Students testing ground as they 343 00:14:24.870 --> 00:14:27.350 braved the humid nights and abundance of 344 00:14:27.350 --> 00:14:30.190 mosquitoes to put their innovative designs to 345 00:14:30.190 --> 00:14:31.990 test. I'm pretty sure there are no mosquitoes 346 00:14:31.990 --> 00:14:33.830 on the moon or Mars, but that's fun. 347 00:14:34.310 --> 00:14:37.190 Geraldo Cisneros, the tech team lead, said 348 00:14:37.270 --> 00:14:39.430 this year's suits challenge was a complete 349 00:14:39.430 --> 00:14:41.750 success. It provided a unique opportunity for 350 00:14:41.750 --> 00:14:44.270 NASA to evaluate the software designs and 351 00:14:44.270 --> 00:14:47.030 tools developed by the student teams and to 352 00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:49.190 explore how similar innovations could 353 00:14:49.190 --> 00:14:51.830 contribute to future human centered 354 00:14:51.830 --> 00:14:54.230 Artemis missions. My favorite part of the 355 00:14:54.230 --> 00:14:56.830 challenge was watching how students responded 356 00:14:56.830 --> 00:14:59.350 to obstacles and setbacks. Their resilience 357 00:14:59.350 --> 00:15:01.830 and determinations were truly inspiring, he 358 00:15:01.830 --> 00:15:04.750 said. Students filled their jam packed 359 00:15:04.750 --> 00:15:07.670 days not only testing, but also with 360 00:15:07.670 --> 00:15:10.230 guest speakers and tours. Swasti Patel 361 00:15:10.390 --> 00:15:13.190 from Purdue University said all of the teams 362 00:15:13.190 --> 00:15:15.350 really enjoyed being here, seeing NASA 363 00:15:15.350 --> 00:15:17.310 facilities and developing their knowledge 364 00:15:17.310 --> 00:15:19.650 with NASA quarter coordinators and teams from 365 00:15:19.650 --> 00:15:22.010 across the nature nation. Could you imagine 366 00:15:22.010 --> 00:15:24.490 being involved with all of that? Despite the 367 00:15:24.490 --> 00:15:26.610 challenges, the camaraderie between all the 368 00:15:26.610 --> 00:15:29.290 participants and staff was very helpful in 369 00:15:29.290 --> 00:15:31.690 terms of getting through the intensity. Can't 370 00:15:31.690 --> 00:15:33.410 wait to be back next year. 371 00:15:34.370 --> 00:15:36.890 This week has been incredible opportunity. 372 00:15:36.890 --> 00:15:39.050 Just seeing the energy and everything that's 373 00:15:39.050 --> 00:15:41.330 going on here was incredibly said. 374 00:15:41.810 --> 00:15:44.410 Patel went on to say, this week has really 375 00:15:44.410 --> 00:15:47.010 made me re evaluate a lot of things that I 376 00:15:47.010 --> 00:15:49.910 shoved aside and I'm grateful to to NASA for 377 00:15:49.910 --> 00:15:52.350 having this opportunity and hopefully we can 378 00:15:52.350 --> 00:15:54.910 continue to have these opportunities. At the 379 00:15:54.910 --> 00:15:56.750 end of the test week, each student team 380 00:15:56.750 --> 00:15:58.470 presented their projects to a panel of 381 00:15:58.470 --> 00:16:01.270 experts. These presentations served as a 382 00:16:01.270 --> 00:16:03.310 platform for students to showcase not only 383 00:16:03.310 --> 00:16:05.710 their technical achievements, but also their 384 00:16:05.710 --> 00:16:08.270 problem solving approaches, teamwork and 385 00:16:08.270 --> 00:16:11.190 vision for real world applications. The 386 00:16:11.190 --> 00:16:13.630 panel, composed of NASA astronaut Dennis 387 00:16:13.630 --> 00:16:16.530 Berman, Flight Director Gareth Henn and 388 00:16:16.530 --> 00:16:19.290 industry leaders, posed thought provoking 389 00:16:19.290 --> 00:16:21.370 questions and offered constructive feedback 390 00:16:21.370 --> 00:16:23.050 that challenged the students to think 391 00:16:23.050 --> 00:16:25.370 critically and further refine their ideas. 392 00:16:25.930 --> 00:16:28.330 This kind of insight highlighted potential 393 00:16:28.330 --> 00:16:30.369 areas for growth, new directions for 394 00:16:30.369 --> 00:16:33.170 exploration and ways to enhance the impact of 395 00:16:33.170 --> 00:16:35.930 their projects. The students left the session 396 00:16:36.330 --> 00:16:39.170 energised and inspired, brimming with 397 00:16:39.170 --> 00:16:42.050 new ideas and a uh, renewed enthusiasm 398 00:16:42.050 --> 00:16:44.010 for future development and innovation. 399 00:16:45.050 --> 00:16:47.470 These students, such a great job. They're all 400 00:16:47.470 --> 00:16:50.190 so creative and wonderful. Definitely 401 00:16:50.190 --> 00:16:51.950 something that can be implemented in the 402 00:16:51.950 --> 00:16:52.230 future. 403 00:16:52.710 --> 00:16:55.590 NASA suits Test week was not 404 00:16:55.590 --> 00:16:58.070 only about pushing boundaries, it was about 405 00:16:58.070 --> 00:17:00.950 earning a piece of history. 3 Artemis 406 00:17:01.190 --> 00:17:03.630 Student Challenge Awards were presented. The 407 00:17:03.630 --> 00:17:05.630 Innovation and Pay it Forward awards were 408 00:17:05.630 --> 00:17:08.190 chosen by the NASA team recognizing the most 409 00:17:08.190 --> 00:17:10.790 groundbreaking and impactful designs. 410 00:17:11.030 --> 00:17:12.990 Students submitted nominations for the 411 00:17:12.990 --> 00:17:15.669 Artemis Educator Award winning celebrating 412 00:17:15.669 --> 00:17:18.149 the faculty member who had a profound 413 00:17:18.229 --> 00:17:21.109 influence on their journeys. The Innovation 414 00:17:21.109 --> 00:17:23.509 award went to Team Jarvis from 415 00:17:23.509 --> 00:17:26.069 Purdue University and Indiana 416 00:17:26.469 --> 00:17:29.309 State University for going above and beyond 417 00:17:29.309 --> 00:17:31.909 their ingenuity, creative and inventiveness. 418 00:17:32.229 --> 00:17:34.869 Team Celine from Midwestern State University 419 00:17:35.109 --> 00:17:37.549 earned the Pay It Forward Award for 420 00:17:37.549 --> 00:17:40.509 conducting meaningful education events in the 421 00:17:40.509 --> 00:17:43.370 community and beyond. The Artemis Educator 422 00:17:43.370 --> 00:17:45.610 Award was given to Maggie Shinover from 423 00:17:45.610 --> 00:17:48.330 Wichita State University in Kansas for 424 00:17:48.330 --> 00:17:51.330 time, commitment and dedication she gave 425 00:17:51.330 --> 00:17:54.130 to her team. The NASA Suits Challenge 426 00:17:54.130 --> 00:17:56.770 completes its eighth year in operation due to 427 00:17:56.770 --> 00:17:59.730 the generous support of NASA's EVA and Human 428 00:17:59.730 --> 00:18:02.570 Surfers Mobility Program, said NASA's 429 00:18:02.570 --> 00:18:05.370 Activity Manager James Semple. This challenge 430 00:18:05.370 --> 00:18:08.290 fosters the environment where students learn 431 00:18:08.290 --> 00:18:10.830 essential skills to immediately serve Center 432 00:18:10.830 --> 00:18:13.110 a science, technology, engineering and 433 00:18:13.110 --> 00:18:15.910 mathematics career and directly contribute to 434 00:18:15.910 --> 00:18:18.290 NASA mission operations. How about that? Uh? 435 00:18:18.710 --> 00:18:21.270 These students are creating proposals, 436 00:18:21.590 --> 00:18:24.150 generating designs, working in teams similar 437 00:18:24.150 --> 00:18:26.390 to the NASA UH workforce, 438 00:18:26.630 --> 00:18:28.830 utilizing artificial intelligence and 439 00:18:28.830 --> 00:18:31.430 designing mission operation solutions that 440 00:18:31.430 --> 00:18:34.110 could be part of the Artemis 3 mission and 441 00:18:34.110 --> 00:18:36.470 beyond. NASA's Student Design 442 00:18:36.470 --> 00:18:39.190 Challenges are an important component of STEM 443 00:18:39.380 --> 00:18:42.330 and employment development, and there is no 444 00:18:42.330 --> 00:18:44.850 better way to learn technical skills to 445 00:18:44.850 --> 00:18:47.850 ensure future career success. The week serves 446 00:18:47.850 --> 00:18:50.410 as a springboard for the next generation of 447 00:18:50.410 --> 00:18:52.850 space exploration, igniting curiosity, 448 00:18:52.850 --> 00:18:55.530 ambition and technical excellence among young 449 00:18:55.530 --> 00:18:58.490 innovators. By engaging with real world 450 00:18:58.490 --> 00:19:00.740 challenges and technologies, participants UH 451 00:19:01.330 --> 00:19:03.930 not only deepen their understanding of space 452 00:19:03.930 --> 00:19:06.130 science, but also actively contribute to 453 00:19:06.130 --> 00:19:08.770 shaping its way future. Each challenge 454 00:19:08.770 --> 00:19:11.730 tackled, each solution proposed, and 455 00:19:11.730 --> 00:19:14.330 each connection formed represents a 456 00:19:14.330 --> 00:19:16.290 meaningful step forward, not just for the 457 00:19:16.290 --> 00:19:19.130 individuals involved, but for humanity as a 458 00:19:19.130 --> 00:19:21.570 whole. With every iteration of the program, 459 00:19:21.650 --> 00:19:23.810 the dream of venturing further into space 460 00:19:23.810 --> 00:19:26.330 becomes more tangible, transforming what 461 00:19:26.330 --> 00:19:28.970 seemed like science fiction into achievable 462 00:19:28.970 --> 00:19:31.490 milestones. If you're interested in joining 463 00:19:31.490 --> 00:19:34.310 the next NASA Suits Challenge, you can find 464 00:19:34.310 --> 00:19:37.110 out more information@NASA.gov 465 00:19:37.270 --> 00:19:39.430 and the next challenge will open for 466 00:19:39.430 --> 00:19:41.830 proposals at the end of August 467 00:19:42.150 --> 00:19:44.230 2025. Good luck everybody. 468 00:19:49.030 --> 00:19:51.310 You're listening to Astronomy Daily, the 469 00:19:51.310 --> 00:19:54.190 podcast with your host Steve Dunkley at 470 00:19:54.190 --> 00:19:54.950 Birmingham. 471 00:20:00.400 --> 00:20:03.120 Hallie: What can brine that is Extra salty water 472 00:20:03.280 --> 00:20:06.120 teach scientists about finding past or even 473 00:20:06.120 --> 00:20:08.240 possible present life on Mars? 474 00:20:09.040 --> 00:20:11.200 This is what a recent study published in 475 00:20:11.200 --> 00:20:13.560 Communications Earth and Environment hopes to 476 00:20:13.560 --> 00:20:15.680 address, as a researcher from the University 477 00:20:15.760 --> 00:20:18.160 of Arkansas investigated the formation of 478 00:20:18.160 --> 00:20:20.240 brines using 50 year old data. 479 00:20:21.120 --> 00:20:23.400 This study has the potential to help 480 00:20:23.400 --> 00:20:25.910 researchers better understand how past data 481 00:20:25.910 --> 00:20:28.190 can be used to gain greater insights into the 482 00:20:28.190 --> 00:20:30.830 formation and evolution of surface brines on 483 00:20:30.830 --> 00:20:33.510 the surface of Mars. For the study, 484 00:20:33.750 --> 00:20:36.310 Dr. Vincent Cheverier, who is an associate 485 00:20:36.310 --> 00:20:38.350 research professor at the University of 486 00:20:38.350 --> 00:20:40.870 Arkansas's center for Space and Planetary 487 00:20:40.870 --> 00:20:43.790 Sciences and sole author of the study, used a 488 00:20:43.790 --> 00:20:46.350 combination of meteorological data obtained 489 00:20:46.350 --> 00:20:48.910 from the Viking 2 lander and computer models 490 00:20:48.910 --> 00:20:51.430 to ascertain if melting frost during late 491 00:20:51.430 --> 00:20:53.970 winter and early spring on Mars could produce 492 00:20:53.970 --> 00:20:56.930 brines. Dr. Cheverrier noted 493 00:20:56.930 --> 00:20:59.210 that Viking 2 data was used due to it being 494 00:20:59.210 --> 00:21:01.370 the sole mission in history to definitively 495 00:21:01.370 --> 00:21:04.370 detect, recognize, and analyze frost on 496 00:21:04.370 --> 00:21:06.850 Mars. In the end, Dr. 497 00:21:06.850 --> 00:21:09.330 Cheverier found that during late winter and 498 00:21:09.330 --> 00:21:11.970 early spring, the upper latitudes of Mars 499 00:21:11.970 --> 00:21:14.290 where the Viking 2 lander is located 500 00:21:14.530 --> 00:21:16.650 experience a one month period where the 501 00:21:16.650 --> 00:21:19.530 surface temperature is approximately -75 502 00:21:19.530 --> 00:21:22.530 degrees Celsius or -103 degrees 503 00:21:22.530 --> 00:21:24.530 Fahrenheit in the early morning and late 504 00:21:24.530 --> 00:21:27.310 afternoon, enabling surface brines to briefly 505 00:21:27.310 --> 00:21:30.310 exist, Dr. Cheverrier notes in 506 00:21:30.310 --> 00:21:32.350 his conclusions. Beyond the immediate 507 00:21:32.350 --> 00:21:34.750 implications for habitability, these results 508 00:21:34.830 --> 00:21:37.110 refine our understanding of Mars current 509 00:21:37.110 --> 00:21:39.910 water cycle by demonstrating 510 00:21:39.910 --> 00:21:41.990 that even minimal frost deposits can 511 00:21:41.990 --> 00:21:44.510 contribute to transient brine formation. This 512 00:21:44.510 --> 00:21:46.310 study suggests that localized 513 00:21:46.310 --> 00:21:48.670 microenvironments might support intermittent 514 00:21:48.670 --> 00:21:51.470 liquid phases influencing surface chemistry, 515 00:21:51.470 --> 00:21:54.280 regolith weathering, and even slope activity. 516 00:21:55.160 --> 00:21:58.040 Viking 2 landed in Utopia Planitia, which 517 00:21:58.040 --> 00:22:00.400 is a large plain in the northern latitudes of 518 00:22:00.400 --> 00:22:03.040 Mars at approximately 45 degrees north 519 00:22:03.040 --> 00:22:05.080 latitude and spanning approximately 520 00:22:05.080 --> 00:22:07.320 3,300 kilometers or 521 00:22:07.320 --> 00:22:10.120 2,100 miles. For 522 00:22:10.120 --> 00:22:12.840 context, the location is the same as northern 523 00:22:12.840 --> 00:22:15.480 Oregon, with Utopia Planitia's size being 524 00:22:15.480 --> 00:22:17.280 just less than the width of the continental 525 00:22:17.280 --> 00:22:19.850 United States. Utopia 526 00:22:19.850 --> 00:22:22.450 Planitia exhibits a top surface layer known 527 00:22:22.450 --> 00:22:24.610 as the latitude dependent mantle that is 528 00:22:24.610 --> 00:22:27.170 composed of a mixture of water ice and dust. 529 00:22:28.050 --> 00:22:30.450 The latitude dependent mantle is created 530 00:22:30.450 --> 00:22:32.850 during periods of high obliquity on Mars 531 00:22:32.930 --> 00:22:35.890 approximately 45 degrees, when the planet's 532 00:22:35.890 --> 00:22:38.370 axial tilt is at a greater angle than today, 533 00:22:38.530 --> 00:22:41.130 which currently sits at approximately 25 534 00:22:41.130 --> 00:22:43.490 degrees, slightly greater than Earth's 535 00:22:43.490 --> 00:22:45.310 23.1 degree obliquity. 536 00:22:46.340 --> 00:22:48.260 While Earth has our moon to stabilize our 537 00:22:48.260 --> 00:22:50.500 axial tilt, Mars does not have this 538 00:22:50.500 --> 00:22:52.900 stability, resulting in drastic swings over 539 00:22:52.900 --> 00:22:55.700 hundreds of thousands of years. During 540 00:22:55.700 --> 00:22:58.380 periods of high obliquity, the ice caps at 541 00:22:58.380 --> 00:23:01.100 both poles of Mars evaporate, releasing large 542 00:23:01.100 --> 00:23:04.060 quantities of frozen water, ice, carbon, and 543 00:23:04.060 --> 00:23:06.100 dust that gets deposited onto the high 544 00:23:06.100 --> 00:23:08.740 latitudes of Mars. The water 545 00:23:08.740 --> 00:23:11.460 cycle that Dr. Cheverrier mentions plays a 546 00:23:11.460 --> 00:23:13.920 role during periods of high obliquity, and 547 00:23:13.920 --> 00:23:16.160 the latitude dependent mantle is deposited 548 00:23:16.160 --> 00:23:19.080 during these periods as well. While 549 00:23:19.080 --> 00:23:21.360 obliquity isn't mentioned in this study, the 550 00:23:21.360 --> 00:23:23.720 existence of brines in the high latitudes of 551 00:23:23.720 --> 00:23:26.000 Mars could offer clues to what processes 552 00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:28.280 occurred during periods of high obliquity. 553 00:23:29.000 --> 00:23:31.600 Brines could also provide insights into the 554 00:23:31.600 --> 00:23:34.240 current habitability of Mars as mentioned by 555 00:23:34.240 --> 00:23:37.240 Dr. Cheverier, while also enabling scientists 556 00:23:37.240 --> 00:23:39.360 to learn more about whether life could have 557 00:23:39.360 --> 00:23:42.260 existed on Ancient Mars Dr. 558 00:23:42.260 --> 00:23:44.900 Cheverier notes in his conclusions. Robotic 559 00:23:44.900 --> 00:23:47.300 landers equipped with in situ hygrometers and 560 00:23:47.300 --> 00:23:49.700 chemical sensors could target these seasonal 561 00:23:49.700 --> 00:23:52.020 windows to directly detect brine formation 562 00:23:52.020 --> 00:23:54.180 and constrain the timescales over which these 563 00:23:54.180 --> 00:23:56.700 liquids persist. What new 564 00:23:56.700 --> 00:23:59.220 discoveries about Mars surface brines will 565 00:23:59.220 --> 00:24:01.020 researchers make in the coming years and 566 00:24:01.020 --> 00:24:03.780 decades? Only time will tell. 567 00:24:03.780 --> 00:24:06.740 And this is why we science, as 568 00:24:06.740 --> 00:24:09.350 always, keep doing science and keep looking 569 00:24:09.350 --> 00:24:09.710 up. 570 00:24:21.550 --> 00:24:23.150 Steve Dunkley: Oh, and that was another episode of. 571 00:24:23.150 --> 00:24:25.150 Hallie: Astronomy Daily, direct from the Australia 572 00:24:25.310 --> 00:24:25.870 studio. 573 00:24:25.870 --> 00:24:26.990 Steve Dunkley: That's right, Down Under. 574 00:24:26.990 --> 00:24:28.110 Hallie: A bumper edition. 575 00:24:28.110 --> 00:24:30.110 Steve Dunkley: And you were right, Hallie. We did cover a 576 00:24:30.110 --> 00:24:31.150 lot of territory today. 577 00:24:31.390 --> 00:24:33.220 Hallie: Thanks for coming along for the ride. 578 00:24:33.450 --> 00:24:34.970 Steve Dunkley: Oh, we sure hope you enjoyed all those 579 00:24:34.970 --> 00:24:37.050 stories from the Astronomy Daily newsletter. 580 00:24:37.050 --> 00:24:40.010 Hallie: Which you can find where Steve oh, hell yes. 581 00:24:40.020 --> 00:24:41.690 Steve Dunkley: Uh, you can find the Astronomy Daily 582 00:24:41.690 --> 00:24:43.730 newsletter by putting your email address in 583 00:24:43.730 --> 00:24:46.090 the slot provided at astronomydaily 584 00:24:46.250 --> 00:24:48.250 IO that will do the trick. 585 00:24:48.250 --> 00:24:50.370 Hallie: And I guess there's nothing left to do but 586 00:24:50.370 --> 00:24:51.770 sign off. My favorite human. 587 00:24:52.170 --> 00:24:54.970 Steve Dunkley: Yep, Hallie. My favorite digital pal. Another 588 00:24:55.050 --> 00:24:56.810 episode done and dusted. 589 00:24:56.890 --> 00:24:59.050 Hallie: So see you all next week, everybody. It's 590 00:24:59.050 --> 00:24:59.530 been fun. 591 00:24:59.530 --> 00:25:01.410 Steve Dunkley: Yes, that's right. Every Monday with me, 592 00:25:01.410 --> 00:25:04.210 Steve and Hallie. And, uh, you will. See you 593 00:25:04.210 --> 00:25:06.230 next time. So. So, um, bye for now. 594 00:25:06.550 --> 00:25:08.390 Hallie: See you next time. Bye. 595 00:25:12.310 --> 00:25:14.390 Steve Dunkley: With your host, Steve Dunkley.