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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to

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podcast for the latest and greatest in space

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and astronomy news. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're so glad you could join

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us today as we dive into some truly

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fascinating updates from beyond our world.

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Anna: We've got a busy show for you today, starting

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with a groundbreaking new Earth, uh,

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observing satellite that's set to

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revolutionize how we understand our planet's

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changing surfaces.

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Avery: Then we'll shift our focus to human

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spaceflight with exciting news about the next

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crew heading to the International Space

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Station, including a historic milestone

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for one of SpaceX's Dragon capsules.

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Anna: And speaking of major discoveries, we'll take

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a closer look at new findings that suggest

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Mars might be hiding a lot more ice than

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we previously thought, which could be a game

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changer for future human missions to the Red

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Planet.

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Avery: Finally, we'll wrap up with the breathtaking

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beauty captured by the James Web Space

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Telescope, showcasing the spectacular death

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of a star and what it might tell us about the

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ultimate fate of our own Sun. Stick around.

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It's going to be an amazing journey.

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Anna: Kicking off our news for today, we have some

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absolutely monumental news from the world

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of Earth observation. A first of its

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kind satellite, nisar, which stands for

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NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture

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Radar, has successfully launched.

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Avery: That's right, Anna. This is a truly historic

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moment. Marking the first ever partnership of

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this magnitude between NASA and the Indian

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Space Research Organization, or isro.

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The satellite lifted off from the

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Satishthawan Space center in

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Sriharikota, India, aboard an ISRO

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Geosynchronous Satellite launch vehicle, mhm.

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Anna: It's an incredible achievement in

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international civil space cooperation.

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NISAR is designed to provide an

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unprecedented, dynamic three

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dimensional view of Earth. It carries an

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advanced radar system that can detect the

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movement of land and ice surfaces down to the

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centimeter.

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Avery: The implications of this are huge. As

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Nikki Fox, Associate Administrator for the

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Science Mission Directorate at NASA

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Headquarters, put it, where moments are most

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critical. Nisar's data will help ensure

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the health and safety of those impacted on

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Earth as well as the infrastructure that

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supports them for the benefit of all.

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Anna: And ISRO Chairman Veen Ryanen

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highlighted that this is the GSLV's

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first mission to sun synchronous polar

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orbit, bringing to fruition a vision NASA

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and ISRO had more than 10 years ago.

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He noted its powerful capability will help us

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study Earth's dynamic land and ice surfaces

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in greater detail than ever before.

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Avery: From 464 miles above Earth,

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Nisar will use two advanced radar

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instruments, L band and S band,

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to track changes across the planet. This

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includes monitoring forests and wetland

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ecosystems, deformation and motion of

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frozen surfaces, and even detecting the

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movement of Earth's crust, crucial for

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understanding earthquakes, volcanic eruptions

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and landslides.

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Anna: What's particularly amazing is that NISAR

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will monitor nearly all of the planet's land

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and ice covered surfaces twice every

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12 days, including areas of the polar

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southern hemisphere rarely covered by other

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radar satellites.

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Avery: And unlike, um, optical sensors, NISAR

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can actually see through clouds, allowing it

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to monitor the surface during storms and in

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both darkness and light. This continuous

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monitoring capability is a game changer for

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disaster response and infrastructure

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monitoring and even agricultural management.

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Anna: The L band radar provided by NASA's Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory excels at measuring

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soil moisture, forest biomass and land

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ice motion. The S band radar

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developed by ISRO is perfect for monitoring

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agriculture, grassland ecosystems and

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infrastructure movement. Together they make

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NISAR incredibly powerful.

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Avery: It's truly a new way of seeing our planet,

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helping us understand and foresee natural

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disasters and other changes in our Earth's

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system that impact lives and property.

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In the coming weeks, the satellite will begin

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a 90 day commissioning phase, deploying

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its massive 39 foot radar

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antenna reflector. This reflector is

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key to collecting all that valuable data

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about Earth's dynamic surfaces.

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Anna: From observing our own planet.

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Let's turn our gaze to human exploration

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because the next big news is all about

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sending more people into space.

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SpaceX's Crew 11 astronaut mission to

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the International Space Station for NASA

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is officially a go for launch.

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Avery: That's exciting. The mission is set to lift

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off from the historic launch complex

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39A at NASA's Kennedy Space

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Center. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will be

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sending a crew of four up to the

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for a six month stay.

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Anna: And this isn't just any Crew Dragon

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spacecraft. This mission will be flying

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aboard the Crew Dragon Endeavor, making

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its milestone sixth flight.

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No other Crew Dragon has flown more than four

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times. So this is quite the achievement for

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spacecraft reusability.

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Avery: Exactly. Steve stich, manager of

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NASA's Commercial Crew Program, highlighted

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this, saying they worked very hard with

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SpaceX to complete all the reuse activities

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for the vehicle. Especially since dragons

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were previously certified for only five

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flights. Now they're truly ready to go.

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Anna: The crew itself is an international mix,

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which is always fantastic to see. Leading

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the mission as commander on her first trip to

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space is NASA astronaut Zena

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Cardman.

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Avery: She'll be joined by veteran NASA astronaut

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Mike Finke, making his fourth trip to space,

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serving as the mission pilot. Then we have

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Kimiya Yui of Japan Aerospace Exploration

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Agency on his second trip to the

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iss. And Oleg Platonov Of

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Russia's Roscosmos making his first journey

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into space as mission.

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Anna: Specialists, Zina emphasized the

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importance of these long duration stays on

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the iss, Stating they are crucial for

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preparing NASA to send astronauts much

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farther into space. She said

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understanding how to live and work for long

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durations, going and staying is a really

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interesting challenge.

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Avery: She also called the International Space

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Station an absolutely critical stepping stone

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for future missions to the moon and beyond.

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The Crew 11 astronauts are expected to dock

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with the ISS about 39 hours after

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launch, and they'll overlap with the Crew 10

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astronauts for a few days to ensure a smooth

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handover before Crew 10 returns to Earth.

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Anna: It sounds like another step forward in

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preparing for humanity's deeper ventures into

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the solar system. The U.S. space Force has

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even predicted a, uh, 90% chance of favorable

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weather for the launch. So things are looking

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good.

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Avery: Speaking of stepping stones for future

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missions, let's shift our focus to Mars,

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Where a truly remarkable discovery has been

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made Regarding its hidden glaciers. It

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turns out those curious shapes sprawling

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across Martian mountains and crater rims

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beyond, previously thought to be mainly rocky

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debris, are actually massive glaciers

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hidden under layers of dust and rubble.

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Anna: And here's the kicker. A new radar survey

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suggests these Martian glaciers, known as

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lobate debris aprons, have

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contained more than 80% pure water ice

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under just a few meters of dust. This is

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a game changer. For decades, scientists

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believed they were mostly rock with just a

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little ice.

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Avery: This finding, published in the journal

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Icarus, strongly indicates that Mars

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has experienced either a single planet wide

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glaciation or a series of similar ice

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ages. The consistency of the findings across

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multiple sites using data from Sharad, the

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shallow radar instrument aboard NASA's Mars

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Reconnaissance Orbiter, provides a much

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clearer picture of the planet's frosty past.

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Anna: That's right. The radar sends pulses into

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the Martian crust and measures how fast and

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far they travel across, Allowing scientists

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to determine the amount of ice and rock

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beneath the dust. All five locations

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studied showed strikingly similar radar

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signatures pointing to more than 80%

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water ice. This uniformity tells us that the

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formation and preservation mechanisms were

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likely the same everywhere on the planet.

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Avery: And it has huge implications for

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understanding Mars climate history.

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The results suggest Mars climate once

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supported widespread snowfall or frost, which

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could be build glaciers. Today, the

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planet is too dry and cold for such activity,

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so it must have had different atmospheric and

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orbital conditions in the past. It's like

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discovering a frozen archive of Martian

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weather.

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Anna: That makes perfect sense. Pure ice

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is far easier to use than a mix of

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stone and frost. You don't need complex

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equipment to melt or filter it with

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vast frozen reserves. In many terrains, the

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some even near the equator, Mars

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suddenly becomes much more welcoming to long

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term human missions and settlements.

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Avery: The charade radar's ability to pinpoint these

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reservoirs is crucial for mission planners,

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helping them choose ideal landing and

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habitation sites. It's not just about

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counting how much ice is there. It's about

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understanding the story the ice tells about

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Mars past climate cycles, orbital

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shifts, and how a once wetter world

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became the dry desert we see today.

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Anna: It really does transform our understanding of

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Mars and its potential for future human

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presence. The Red Planet continues to

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reveal its frozen secrets, and each

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discovery brings us closer to making it a

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viable destination for humanity.

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Avery: From the potential for life on Mars, let's

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turn our gaze to the more distant cosmos and

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the incredible images delivered by the James

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Webb Space Telescope. It has once again

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captiv us with a stunning view of a star's

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final moments, specifically the planetary

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nebula NGC

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6072.

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Anna: That's right, Alex. This isn't just a pretty

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picture. It's a profound glimpse into the

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end of a Sun like star's life.

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NGC 6072, found

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in the constellation Scorpius about

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3060 light years away, is

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the dying embers of a star transforming

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into a white dwarf cocooned within its

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own ejected outer layers.

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Avery: And what's truly fascinating is how complex

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and unique its shape appears. Unlike many

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planetary nebulas that are often cylindrical,

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bipolar, or perfectly round,

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NGC 6072 looks

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more like a misshapen splodge of color.

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The JWST's Near Infrared Camera,

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or nircam radio, reveals multiple

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pairs of outflows pointing in various

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directions, which is quite unusual.

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Anna: Indeed, this complexity is leading

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scientists to believe there's more to it than

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just a single star. Previous observations

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by the Gaia mission strongly suggested there

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are two stars at the heart of NGC

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6072, and the

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JWST's new views seem to back that

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up. It's thought that the changing direction

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of these outflows is a result of

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gravitational interactions between the dying

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central star and its companion star.

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Avery: The false colors in the images representing

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infrared light we can't see also provide

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crucial information about the nebulous

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properties. For instance, the star has shed

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up to 80% of its total mass, which we see

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in the dark orange clumps of gas and dust.

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The relatively empty dust free regions

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appear blue. It's like a cosmic painting

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telling a detailed story.

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Anna: What's clear is that the JWST's

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images emphasize just how

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beautiful and unusual, unusual the deaths

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of stars can be. And for us, it

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offers a captivating preview of what's in

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store for our own sun in about 5

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billion years. It's a powerful

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reminder of the grand cyclical nature

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of the universe and what a journey it's

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been today. Avery From Earth's new eyes in

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space with the NISAR satellite to the

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upcoming Crew 11 mission heading to the

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International Space Station.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. We also dove deep into the

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surprising discovery of pure water ice on

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Mars and wrapped up with the stunning and

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thought provoking images from the James Webb

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Space Telescope showing us the beautiful

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demise of a star.

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It's been a packed day in Astronomy.

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Anna: It certainly has. We hope you enjoyed

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exploring these incredible stories with us on

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Astronomy Daily. Thank you so much for tuning

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in.

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Avery: We love bringing you the latest from the

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cosmos, so make sure to subscribe to

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Astronomy Daily wherever you get your

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podcast. And join us next time for more

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exciting news from the world of space and

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astronomy. In the meantime, keep looking up

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and marveling at our wondrous universe.