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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go to

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podcast for all things space and astronomy

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news. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We're so glad you're joining

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us today for another exciting dive into the

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cosmos.

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Anna: Today we'll be talking about a new record

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in detecting incredibly distant signals

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from the early universe.

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Avery: Plus, we'll check in on a fascinating

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planetary mission that just completed a

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crucial test near Mars, giving us a

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sneak peek at its capabilities. And get ready

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to hear about a mysterious visitor from

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beyond our solar system, captured for the

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first time by none other than the Hubble

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Space Telescope. To top it all off, we'll

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give you a rundown of a very busy week ahead

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in space launches featuring everything from

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Vulcan and Ariane 6 to multiple

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Starlink missions. Let's get started.

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Anna: Alright, let's kick things off with a truly

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groundbreaking discovery that's pushing the

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boundaries of our understanding of the early

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universe. Astronomers have traced a

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fast radio burst, or frb, to

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a record breaking distance across the cosmos.

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This new FRB, designated

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FRB

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20240304B,

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was initially detected on March 4,

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2024 by the MeerKAT Radio Telescope

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Array in South Africa. But what makes this

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one so special is its incredible distance.

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Avery: That's right, it has a redshift of

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2.148, which means we're looking at

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light that traveled for over 11 billion years

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to reach Earth. To put that in perspective,

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this burst originated just 3 billion years

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after the Big Bang, pushing our

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observational boundary of FRBs much

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further back into cosmic time. Previous

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detections only reached about halfway through

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cosmic history.

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Anna: That's right, finding the exact source of

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this signal was a real piece of detective

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work. Initially, ground based observatories

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and archival data couldn't pinpoint its host

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galaxy. But a follow up with the James Webb

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Space Telescope's NIRCAM and NIRSPEC

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instruments did the trick, revealing the

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FRB's host galaxy and getting a

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spectroscopic redshift. The burst's radio

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waves dispersed at a rate of about

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2,330 parsecs per

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cubic centimeter, acting like a cosmic

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fingerprint that confirmed its extremely

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distant origin. This measurement tells

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us how much the signal was stretched and

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delayed by free electrons as it journeyed

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through space. The host galaxy itself is

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quite revealing. It's described as a low

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mass clumpy galaxy that's still

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relatively young and actively forming stars.

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The presence of an FRB in such a galaxy

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strongly supports the theory that these

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mysterious bursts originate from young

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magnetars, which are highly magnet Magnetized

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neutron stars. This suggests an origin

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that can occur over relatively short

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timescales, Rather than processes that take

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billions of years to develop.

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Avery: This discovery Effectively doubles the

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redshift reach of localized FRBs,

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allowing us to probe ionized baryons across

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about 80% of the universe's history.

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It also establishes FRB activity

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During what astronomers call cosmic noon,

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which was the peak period of star formation

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in the universe's history.

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Anna: It's fascinating how these millisecond long

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bursts can encode so much information about

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the plasma Permeating our universe, Giving us

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insights into magnetic fields and gas

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distributions. The observations also

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reveal Complex magnetic field structures

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Spanning gigaparsec scales along the

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burst's sightline as it passed through

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various cosmic structures.

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Avery: As next generation telescopes come online,

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discoveries like FRB2024

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0304B are trul

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exciting. They show us how these fleeting

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signals can act as messengers from the

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universe's distant past, Helping us piece

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together how it evolved from its chaotic

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youth into the structured cosmos we see

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today. It's just incredible.

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Anna: From exploring the distant past with FRBs,

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let's now turn our attention to an upcoming

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mission that's preparing to unlock the

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secrets of one of Jupiter's most intriguing

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moons. NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which

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began its long journey to Europa on October

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14, 2024, recently had

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a crucial pit stop. On March 1, the

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probe reached Mars not just for a gravity

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assist maneuver, but also to perform a

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vital test While orbiting the Red

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planet. Mission controllers on Earth Seized

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the opportunity to test the probe's ReSight

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instrument. ReSight stands for

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Radar for Europa Assessment and

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Sounding Ocean to Near surface.

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Avery: This radar instrument Is absolutely critical

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for the mission's primary goal to probe

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beneath Europa's icy sheet and search for

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pockets of water that could potentially

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harbor life. It's also designed to give

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scientists A, uh, glimpse Of Europa's

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interior ocean and shed light on how

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material Might be transferred from the

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interior to the surface.

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Anna: The test was a complete success, Producing

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a radargram that showed the outline Of Mars

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topography. This gave the team A

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fantastic preview of what the probe Will see

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When it arrives at Europa. REASON relies

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on two pairs of antennas that extend

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from the spacecraft's massive solar arrays,

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measuring an impressive

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17.6 meters from tip to

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tip.

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Avery: Testing this instrument in space Was crucial,

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Because certain aspects, like the echo test,

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where the radar signals bounce back, Simply

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couldn't be performed on earth Once the

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actual hardware was built. Dom Blankenship,

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the principal investigator for the radar

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instrument, said, we got everything out of

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the flyby that we dreamed the goal was

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to determine the radar's readiness for the

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Europa mission. And it worked. Every part of

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the instrument proved itself to do exactly

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what we intended.

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Anna: During the test, Reason sent and received

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radio waves for about 40 minutes while

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the spacecraft flew about 5,000

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kilometers above Mars surface,

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gradually lowering to 884

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kilometers. For comparison, once it's

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at Europa, REASON will operate when the

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Clipper is as close as 25km

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to the moon's surface.

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Avery: The instrument team collected a staggering 60

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gigabytes of rich data, which they started

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transmitting back to Earth in mid May.

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Scientists have been poring over this data,

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and it has confirmed that REASON is in

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perfect working order. Trina Ray,

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Europa Clipper's deputy science manager,

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shared the excitement, saying that all of us

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who had worked so hard to make this test

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happen and the scientists seeing the data for

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the first time were ecstatic, saying,

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oh, look at this. Oh, look at that.

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Anna: This Martian test has given the science team

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a head start on learning how to process the

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data and understand the instrument's

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behavior. Exercising those muscles just

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like they will out at Europa. The Europa

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Clipper's total journey to the icy Moon will

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be about 2.9 billion

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kilometers. And it includes one more

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gravity assist using Earth in

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2026. Currently, the

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spacecraft is about 450 million

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kilometers from Earth, steadily making its

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way to Jupiter.

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Avery: That's an incredible level of preparation for

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the Europa Clipper.

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Speaking of unique opportunities to study

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distant objects, let's pivot to something

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truly rare. An interstellar visitor to our

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solar system.

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Anna: Yes. Astronomers using the Hubble Space

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Telescope have captured stunning

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observations of 3I

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atlas for the first time. This

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is only the third confirmed object from

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outside our solar system ever known to

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visit our cosmic neighborhood. Following

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Oumuamua in 2017 and

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Borisov in 2019.

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Each of these objects offers a unique

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window into planetary systems around

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other stars.

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Avery: What makes 3i Atlas particularly fascinating

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is its behavior. Even at 3.8

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astronomical units from the sun, almost four

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times farther than Earth is from the sun,

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it's already showing significant activity.

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Unlike asteroids, which typically remain

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largely unchanged, 3i Atlas is

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behaving more like a comet.

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Anna: That's right. As solar radiation heats its

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surface, the object is releasing streams

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of dust particles, forming a distinctive

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tail pointing away from the Sun. This

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comet like activity provides

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astronomers with a rare opportunity to study

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material that originated in an entirely

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different star system.

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Avery: Using Hubble's exceptional resolution, the

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research team led by David Jewett from

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UCLA was able to have its first close

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look and estimate how much material 3i atlas

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is losing, they calculated the mass loss

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rate in dust to be between 6-60

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kg per second. To put that into

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perspective, that's roughly equivalent to

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losing the mass of a small car every few

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minutes, which is a significant amount for

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such a distant and relatively small object.

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Anna: The team also worked to determine the size of

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3i ATLS's nucleus, though this was

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challenging since they could only see the

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glowing cloud of dust, not the solid core,

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directly. By analyzing the brightness

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distribution of the surrounding coma, they

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estimated the nucleus has an effective radius

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of less than 2.8 kilometers, assuming

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it reflects only about 4% of the light that

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hits it, similar to charcoal.

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Avery: This size constraint is crucial for

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understanding its composition and history.

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For instance, if its activity is driven by

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carbon monoxide turning from solid to gas,

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the the nucleus cannot be smaller than 0.16

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km in radius. Different materials

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require different amounts of solar heating to

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begin sublimating. So observing how and

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when 3i ATLS becomes active

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helps scientists make educated guesses about

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what it's made of.

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Anna: These first Hubble observations of three I

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ATLAS represent a significant step forward

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in our ability to study these cosmic

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messengers. They offer insights not only

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into the object itself, but also into the

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distant stellar system that sent it on its

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incredible journey through the galaxy. It's

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like getting a postcard from another star

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system carrying chemical signatures and

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physical characteristics shaped by alien

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environments billions of kilometers away.

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From ancient light to interstellar visitors.

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We've covered some truly mind bending topics

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today.

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But let's shift gears and look at the more

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immediate future because it's shaping up to

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be a very busy week for launches.

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Avery: You're not kidding, Anna. Uh, we've got a

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packed schedule coming up with several

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significant missions. First up,

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ULA's Vulcan rocket is scheduled for its

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first launch of 2025 on Tuesday, August

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12th. This mission, designated

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USF106, will carry a

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technology demonstration navigation satellite

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and NTS3 and a classified payload

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for the US Space Force into geosynchronous

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orbit.

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Anna: And just a day later, on Wednesday, August

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13, Europe's newest launch system,

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the Ariane 6, will have its second

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flight of 2025. This mission

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will carry the Metop SGA1

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weather satellite for Umetsat, which is

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crucial for monitoring weather, climate and

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the environment from space. It even

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includes the Sentinel 5 instrument for

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global air quality monitoring.

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Avery: On the same day, a Chinese Chenzang 5B

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rocket is expected to launch carrying a batch

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of communications satellites, likely part of

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China's ambitious Satnet constellation.

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Beyond these, we also have four SpaceX Falcon

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9 Starlink missions planned throughout the

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week, deploying hundreds of Internet

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satellites into orbit. It's an exciting time

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to be watching the skies.

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Anna: What a week it's shaping up to be for space

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enthusiasts. From record breaking distant

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signals, to critical tests for our missions

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to the outer solar system, and even a visit

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from another star system, it's been a

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truly captivating episode.

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Avery: M. Absolutely, Anna. Uh, and let's not

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forget that jam packed launch schedule coming

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up with new rockets and dozens of satellites

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heading to orbit. It just goes to show how

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dynamic and exciting the world of astronomy

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and space exploration. Truly.

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Anna: We hope you enjoyed diving into these

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fascinating stories with us. Thank you for

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tuning in to Astronomy Daily. And remember to

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visit our website@astronomydaily.IO

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for even more from the Astronomy Daily team.

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Avery: Keep looking up, stay curious and we'll catch

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you tomorrow. For more news from across the

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cosmos.