WEBVTT

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Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your

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trusted source for the latest space and

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astronomy news. I'm Anna.

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Avery: And I'm Avery. We've got some fascinating

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Stories today from SpaceX Testing new

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capabilities at the International Space

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Station to some surprising revelations

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about solar eclipse predictions.

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Anna: Plus we'll dive into a long awaited

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discovery involving Jupiter's moons and

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get an update on SpaceX's ambitious

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Starship programme in Florida. Let's jump

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right in. Before we dive into today's

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main stories, I have to say this has been

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an incredible week for space news. It feels

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like we're living through a real renaissance

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in space exploration.

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Avery: Absolutely, Anna. Between private companies

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pushing the boundaries and NASA's missions

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revealing new discoveries, it's hard to keep

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up sometimes. Speaking of which, our

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listeners have been asking for more technical

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detail in our discussions, so we'll be diving

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deeper into the science today.

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Anna: Our first story takes us to the International

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Space Station, where SpaceX just

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completed a crucial test that could be game

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changing for the station's future. On

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September 3rd, a dragon cargo spacecraft

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successfully performed what's called a

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reboost of the ISS using two

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of its Draco engines for just over five

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minutes.

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Avery: That's pretty impressive, Anna. So what

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exactly does reboosting mean for those who

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might not be familiar?

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Anna: Great question. Basically, the ISS

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is constantly losing altitude due to

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atmospheric drag, even though it's about

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250 miles up. Without regular

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boosts, it would eventually fall back to

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Earth. This particular test raised the

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station from roughly 250 miles

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to an orbit between

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256 and 261

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miles.

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Avery: And I'm guessing this is especially important

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because of the whole situation with Russia

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potentially leaving the iss programme by

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2028.

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Anna: Exactly. Right now, Russian progress

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vehicles handle most of the reboosting

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duties. If Russia withdraws, NASA

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needs alternative capabilities and this test

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proves that SpaceX can step up. They

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actually did their first reboost test back in

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November 2024, and now they're planning

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longer burns for fall 2025 to

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really put the system through its paces. It's

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worth understanding just how complex these

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reboost manoeuvres are. The Dragon

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spacecraft has to fire its thrusters in

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precise coordination with the ISS's

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attitude control systems. Too much

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thrust and you could destabilise the

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station's orientation. Too little and

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the reboost is ineffective. The fact that

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they achieved a 5 mile altitude increase with

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just a 5 minute burn shows incredible

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precision.

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Avery: It's also worth noting that SpaceX will

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eventually need these same capabilities when

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it comes time. To safely deorbit the ISS

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in a controlled fashion. So this

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testing serves multiple purposes.

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Anna: Now shifting our focus from low Earth orbit

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to much deeper space, we have some

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Fascinating news from NASA's James Webb

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Telescope. Researchers have identified what

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might be the most deep distant galaxy

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ever observed, designated Jades

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GS Z13.0,

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which appears to have formed just

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325 million years after the

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Big Bang.

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Avery: That's incredibly early in cosmic history.

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Just to put that in perspective for our

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listeners, if the Universe is about

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13.8 billion years old,

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this galaxy formed when the universe was less

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than 3% of its current age.

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How were astronomers able to determine such

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precise ages for these ancient objects?

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Anna: It all comes down to redshift, the phenomenon

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where light from distant objects is stretched

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to longer, redder wavelengths as the universe

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expands, The Webb telescope can detect

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these incredibly redshifted signatures in

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infrared light. What's remarkable about this

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particular galaxy is that it's not just

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distant, but it's also surprisingly massive

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and mature for its age, suggesting that

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galaxy form happened much faster in the early

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universe than we previously thought.

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Avery: This discovery is really challenging our

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models of early cosmic evolution. The

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fact that we're finding these large, well

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developed galaxies so early suggests that the

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first stars in galaxies formed even faster

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than our simulations predicted. It's

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discoveries like these that make the James

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Webb Space Telescope such a game changer for

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astronomy.

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Now, speaking of precision and accuracy, our

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next story might surprise anyone who's ever

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looked at those crisp, clean solar eclipse

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maps. Turns out those neat lines showing the

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path of totality. They're not nearly as

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precise as they appear.

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Anna: Oh, uh, this is fascinating stuff.

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What's the issue exactly?

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Avery: Well, it turns out the edges of totality are

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actually fuzzy and can be off by hundreds of

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metres. The problem stems from something

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pretty. We're still debating the

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sun's act size. The canonical

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radius that's been used for over a century is

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696,000 kilometres.

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But new measurements suggest that might be

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outdated.

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Anna: So how much difference are we talking about

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here?

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Avery: Researchers Luca Qualia suggests the sun's

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angular size is

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959.95 arcseconds

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versus the traditional

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959.63.

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That's a tiny difference, but it can shift

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the eclipse path edge by up to

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2,000ft. When you factor in the

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sun's fuzzy photosphere and the moon's jagged

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mountain peaks, things get even more

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complicated.

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Anna: So what are researchers doing about this?

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Avery: They're creating new maps with zones of

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uncertainty at the edges instead of those

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precise lines. We're used to seeing. This is

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especially important for the August 12,

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2026 eclipse that will affect Spain and

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Iceland. People planning trips definitely

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want to know about these potential

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variations.

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Anna: This research is also revealing some

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fascinating details about the lunar limb

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profile, the jagged edge of the Moon created

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by mountains and valleys. These

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irregularities can create what astronomers

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call the diamond ring effect and Baily's

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beads during eclipses. Some areas along the

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eclipse path might experience these phenomena

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more prominently than others, depending on

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which lunar mountains are silhouetted against

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the sun.

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Avery: Before we head out to Jupiter, let's take a

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detour to Mars, where NASA's Perseverance

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rover has made a potentially groundbreaking

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discovery. The rover has detected what

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scientists are calling convincing evidence of

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ancient microbial life preserved in a rock

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sample from Jezero Crater.

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Anna: This is huge news. If confirmed, what

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exactly did Perseverance find that's got

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scientists so excited? I, uh, know they've

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been looking for signs of ancient life in

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Jezero craters since the rover landed.

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Avery: The evidence comes from a rock nicknamed

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Chayava Falls. Perseverance found

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distinctive chemical signatures and

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microscopic structures that are consistent

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with ancient bacterial mats. The rock

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contains organic compounds, mineral deposits

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that typically form in the presence of water,

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and what appear to be fossilised biofilms.

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Of course, scientists are being very

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cautious. They need the samples to return to

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Earth for definitive analysis, which won't

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happen until the Mars sample return mission

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in the2030s.

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Anna: What makes this discovery particularly

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compelling is the location. Jezero

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Crater was chosen precisely because it

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contains the remains of an ancient river

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delta, an environment that would have been

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perfect for microbial life billions of years

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ago. If these findings are confirmed, it

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would be the first concrete evidence that

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life once existed beyond Earth,

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fundamentally changing our understanding of

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biology in the universe.

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Okay, our third story takes us to Jupiter,

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where NASA's Juno mission has finally

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solved a long standing mystery. After years

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of searching, they've detected auroral

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footprints from Callisto, the fourth and most

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distant of Jupiter's Galilean moons.

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Avery: Wait, so the other three moons, IO,

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Europa and Ganymede, they already had

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detected footprints?

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Anna: That's right. These are basically auroral

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signatures that show up in Jupiter's

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atmosphere as each moon passes through the

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planet's magnetosphere magnetic field. Think

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of them like cosmic breadcrumbs. The other

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three moons had been spotted before, but

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Callisto's remained elusive despite

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multiple attempts with the Hubble telescope.

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Avery: So what changed? How did they finally spot

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it?

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Anna: The breakthrough came in September 2019,

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when a massive solar stream hit Jupiter.

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This shifted Jupiter's main auroral

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oval. And in that shifted configuration,

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Callisto's faint signature finally became

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visible. It's much weaker than the others,

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which explains why it took so long to detect.

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But now we can confirm that all four

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Galilean moons leave their mark on

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Jupiter's magnificent auroral displays.

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Avery: This discovery also tells us something

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important about Callisto itself. Unlike, um,

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the other Galilean moons, Callisto was

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thought to have a relatively simple,

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undifferentiated interior. But the fact that

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it creates detectable auroral footprints

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suggests it has some kind of conducting

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layer, possibly a subsurface ocean like

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Europa and Ganymede, which would make it

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another potential target in the search for

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life.

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And finally, let's talk about what's

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happening much closer to home here in

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Florida. SpaceX is making rapid progress

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on their starship infrastructure at Kennedy

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Space Centre. And the scale of what they're

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building is pretty remarkable.

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Anna: This is at Both Launch Complex 39A

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and Space Launch Complex 37. Right.

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Avery: What exactly are they building at

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39A? They've assembled a large crane and are

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erecting a, uh, service structure with the

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launch mount potentially in place by the end

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of this year. But Space Launch Complex

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37 could be even more impressive. It

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might support dual launch towers and could

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handle up to 76 annual launches.

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Anna: That's an incredible launch cadence. When

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are they targeting their first Florida

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Starship flight?

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Avery: SpaceX is aiming for late 2025 from

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Launch Complex 39A, though many

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observers think 2026 is more realistic.

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Environmental reviews are currently

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evaluating up to 44 annual Starship

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launches from Florida, which would represent

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a massive increase in the state's launch

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capacity.

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Anna: The scale of this infrastructure development

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is really staggering. We're talking about

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launch towers that will dwarf even the

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vehicle assembly building at Kennedy Space

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Centre. It's each Starship super heavy

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booster stands nearly

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230ft tall. And the

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complete stack with starship reaches about

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400ft taller than the Statue of

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Liberty. The ground systems needed to support

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this massive vehicle require

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entirely new approaches to fueling,

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servicing and launch operations.

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Avery: From an economic perspective, this could

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transform Florida's Space coast. With up to

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76 annual launches from just one complex,

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we could see launch frequency frequency that

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rivals the entire global launch industry

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today. That means thousands of jobs, not

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just for SpaceX, but for the entire ecosystem

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of suppliers, contractors and service

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providers that support these operations. It's

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reminiscent of the Apollo era, but

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potentially even bigger.

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Anna: It's amazing to think that 39A, which

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launched Apollo missions to the moon and

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space shuttle flights for decades, will soon

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be home to the next generation of spacecraft

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designed to take humans back to the Moon and

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eventually to Mars.

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Avery: Absolutely.

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And that wraps up today's episode of

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astronomy daily. From SpaceX testing new ISS

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capabilities to discovering the limitations

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of eclipse maps, from completing Jupiter's

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Aurora Moon collection to building the launch

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infrastructure of the future, it's been quite

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a journey through the cosmos.

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Anna: Looking at all these stories together,

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there's a common thread. We're witnessing

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unprecedented precision and capability

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in space exploration. From SpaceX

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Fine Tuning Orbital mechanics at the ISS

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to JWST revealing the distant

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past of our universe. From potentially

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finding ancient life on Mars, to mapping

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Jupiter's complex magnetosphere, each

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discovery builds on the others.

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Avery: What's particularly exciting is how these

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developments are accelerating. Ten years ago,

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many of, uh, today's stories would have

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seemed like science fiction. Routine

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commercial operations at the iss,

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telescopes seen back to the cosmic dawn,

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potential biosign signatures on Mars. The

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next decade promises to be even more

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remarkable, with lunar bases, Mars

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sample returns, and interstellar missions

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moving from concept to reality.

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Anna: Thanks for joining us today. Don't forget to

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subscribe and share Astronomy Daily with

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fellow space enthusiasts. We'll be back

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tomorrow with more exciting discoveries from

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the universe around us.

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Avery: Until then, um, keep looking up. I'm Avery.

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Anna: And I'm Anna. Clear skies everyone.