WEBVTT 0 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:03.360 Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily. I'm Anna, and 1 00:00:03.360 --> 00:00:06.040 I'm here with my co host, Avery, to bring you 2 00:00:06.040 --> 00:00:08.720 the latest and most fascinating news from 3 00:00:08.720 --> 00:00:09.920 across the cosmos. 4 00:00:10.000 --> 00:00:12.600 Avery: Hey, everyone. Avery here and. Wow, Ana, 5 00:00:12.600 --> 00:00:14.480 um, do we have some incredible stories for 6 00:00:14.480 --> 00:00:17.200 you today. From spacecraft having technical 7 00:00:17.200 --> 00:00:20.120 hiccups to black holes completely flipping 8 00:00:20.120 --> 00:00:22.360 their magnetic fields, this has been an 9 00:00:22.360 --> 00:00:24.320 absolutely wild week in space. 10 00:00:24.720 --> 00:00:27.680 Anna: It really has been. Plus, we're talking about 11 00:00:27.680 --> 00:00:30.280 ancient comet impacts that may have 12 00:00:30.280 --> 00:00:32.780 changed human history and an 13 00:00:32.780 --> 00:00:34.980 asteroid that's going to give us the show of 14 00:00:34.980 --> 00:00:36.860 a lifetime in 2029. 15 00:00:37.180 --> 00:00:39.100 But let's start with something happening 16 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:40.460 right now in orbit. 17 00:00:40.780 --> 00:00:43.700 Avery: Right, so Northrop Grumman's new Cygnus 18 00:00:43.700 --> 00:00:45.900 XL spacecraft is having some propulsion 19 00:00:45.900 --> 00:00:48.380 troubles. This was supposed to be its debut 20 00:00:48.380 --> 00:00:50.500 mission, and it's a big deal because this 21 00:00:50.500 --> 00:00:53.340 thing can carry 33% more cargo 22 00:00:53.500 --> 00:00:54.940 than the standard Cygnus. 23 00:00:55.020 --> 00:00:57.900 Anna: We're talking over 11,000 pounds of supplies. 24 00:00:58.540 --> 00:01:01.420 That's a significant upgrade in capacity. But 25 00:01:01.420 --> 00:01:04.180 during the orbit raising burns, you know, the 26 00:01:04.180 --> 00:01:06.500 maneuvers to get it to the right altitude to 27 00:01:06.500 --> 00:01:08.060 meet the International Space Station. 28 00:01:08.700 --> 00:01:10.540 Something went wrong with the propulsion 29 00:01:10.540 --> 00:01:10.860 system. 30 00:01:11.180 --> 00:01:12.940 Avery: And this pushed back the planned Wednesday 31 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:15.660 docking. NASA astronauts Johnny Kim and 32 00:01:15.660 --> 00:01:18.020 Zena Cardman were all set to capture it with 33 00:01:18.020 --> 00:01:20.340 the Can Atom two. I, uh, have to imagine 34 00:01:20.340 --> 00:01:21.900 there's some disappointment up there. They've 35 00:01:21.900 --> 00:01:22.860 been preparing for this. 36 00:01:23.100 --> 00:01:25.820 Anna: Absolutely. And this comes after we've had 37 00:01:25.820 --> 00:01:28.620 previous Cygnus damage incidents. So cargo 38 00:01:28.620 --> 00:01:31.240 resupply to the ISS has been a real challenge 39 00:01:31.240 --> 00:01:33.600 lately. The crew up there depends on these 40 00:01:33.600 --> 00:01:35.680 regular deliveries for everything from 41 00:01:35.680 --> 00:01:38.280 scientific equipment to basic supplies. 42 00:01:38.680 --> 00:01:41.240 Avery: The technical details are quite interesting 43 00:01:41.240 --> 00:01:44.160 here, Avery. The Cygnus XL uses a 44 00:01:44.160 --> 00:01:46.159 new service module design that's 45 00:01:46.159 --> 00:01:48.160 significantly larger than the standard 46 00:01:48.160 --> 00:01:50.360 version. It's powered by enhanced 47 00:01:50.360 --> 00:01:53.120 Antares engines and was specifically 48 00:01:53.120 --> 00:01:55.400 designed to handle heavier payloads for 49 00:01:55.400 --> 00:01:57.800 NASA's Commercial Resupply Services program. 50 00:01:58.330 --> 00:02:00.410 Anna: And what's really crucial here is that this 51 00:02:00.410 --> 00:02:03.290 isn't just about delaying one delivery. The 52 00:02:03.290 --> 00:02:06.010 ISS operates on a tight logistics schedule 53 00:02:06.090 --> 00:02:08.050 with multiple international partners 54 00:02:08.050 --> 00:02:10.650 coordinating everything from crew rotations 55 00:02:10.890 --> 00:02:13.370 to scientific experiments. When something 56 00:02:13.370 --> 00:02:15.810 like this happens, it creates a domino effect 57 00:02:15.810 --> 00:02:17.970 that can impact research timelines for 58 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:20.570 months. It really highlights how complex 59 00:02:20.570 --> 00:02:22.930 these missions are. I mean, you've got to get 60 00:02:22.930 --> 00:02:25.170 the timing perfect, the trajectory perfect, 61 00:02:25.170 --> 00:02:28.010 and every system has to work flawlessly. 62 00:02:28.160 --> 00:02:29.990 We when you're dealing with spacecraft moving 63 00:02:29.990 --> 00:02:32.790 at 17,500 miles per hour, 64 00:02:32.870 --> 00:02:34.470 there's no room for error. 65 00:02:35.030 --> 00:02:37.510 Avery: Speaking of things that seem impossible, 66 00:02:37.670 --> 00:02:40.470 let's talk about something that happened 55 67 00:02:40.470 --> 00:02:43.110 million light years away that's completely 68 00:02:43.110 --> 00:02:45.870 baffled scientists. The Event Horizon 69 00:02:45.870 --> 00:02:48.870 Telescope has been monitoring M M87 star, 70 00:02:49.110 --> 00:02:51.190 that supermassive black hole we first 71 00:02:51.190 --> 00:02:52.790 photographed back in 2019. 72 00:02:53.190 --> 00:02:55.710 Anna: Oh, this is incredible. So they've been 73 00:02:55.710 --> 00:02:57.990 watching this black hole from 2017 to 74 00:02:57.990 --> 00:03:00.570 2021. And in that the 75 00:03:00.570 --> 00:03:02.650 magnetic field polarization around it 76 00:03:02.650 --> 00:03:04.810 completely reversed direction. The 77 00:03:04.810 --> 00:03:06.570 researchers are calling this totally 78 00:03:06.570 --> 00:03:07.170 unexpected. 79 00:03:07.650 --> 00:03:10.130 Avery: We're talking about a black hole that's six 80 00:03:10.130 --> 00:03:12.850 and a half billion times the mass of our 81 00:03:12.850 --> 00:03:15.770 sun, that's almost incomprehensibly 82 00:03:15.770 --> 00:03:18.650 massive. And somehow, over just four 83 00:03:18.650 --> 00:03:21.130 years, its entire magnetic field 84 00:03:21.130 --> 00:03:22.290 structure flipped. 85 00:03:22.690 --> 00:03:24.970 Anna: What's even more amazing is that they also 86 00:03:24.970 --> 00:03:27.210 captured images of the base of the particle 87 00:03:27.210 --> 00:03:29.290 jet for the first time. You know, that stream 88 00:03:29.290 --> 00:03:31.450 of matter and energy that gets shot out from 89 00:03:31.450 --> 00:03:33.150 near the black hole hole at nearly the speed 90 00:03:33.150 --> 00:03:35.110 of light. This is groundbreaking 91 00:03:35.110 --> 00:03:36.670 observational astronomy. 92 00:03:37.070 --> 00:03:39.150 Avery: What's fascinating is how this discovery 93 00:03:39.150 --> 00:03:41.590 relates to the broader physics of accretion 94 00:03:41.590 --> 00:03:44.310 disks. The magnetic fields around black holes 95 00:03:44.310 --> 00:03:46.710 are generated by the swirling matter in the 96 00:03:46.710 --> 00:03:49.550 accretion disk. That superheated material 97 00:03:49.630 --> 00:03:52.190 spiraling into the black hole. For the 98 00:03:52.190 --> 00:03:55.110 entire field structure to flip means 99 00:03:55.110 --> 00:03:57.710 something fundamental changed in that disk's 100 00:03:57.710 --> 00:04:00.190 behavior. And the implications go beyond just 101 00:04:00.190 --> 00:04:02.990 M87. It could help us understand how 102 00:04:02.990 --> 00:04:05.490 supermassive black holes influence galaxy 103 00:04:05.490 --> 00:04:08.330 formation and evolution. These magnetic field 104 00:04:08.330 --> 00:04:10.490 changes affect the jets, which in turn 105 00:04:10.650 --> 00:04:13.450 influence star formation rates across entire 106 00:04:13.690 --> 00:04:16.410 galaxies. We're talking about cosmic 107 00:04:16.410 --> 00:04:18.810 processes that shape the universe on, uh, the 108 00:04:18.810 --> 00:04:20.570 largest scales imaginable. 109 00:04:21.050 --> 00:04:23.650 Anna: And it's challenging our current models of 110 00:04:23.650 --> 00:04:26.210 black hole physics. I mean, we thought we 111 00:04:26.210 --> 00:04:28.450 understood how these magnetic fields behaved 112 00:04:28.450 --> 00:04:31.170 around black holes, but clearly there's still 113 00:04:31.170 --> 00:04:33.730 so much we don't know. It makes you wonder 114 00:04:33.730 --> 00:04:35.970 what other surprises are waiting out there. 115 00:04:36.050 --> 00:04:38.810 Avery: It really does. Now let's shift from the 116 00:04:38.810 --> 00:04:41.130 cosmic scale to something much closer to 117 00:04:41.130 --> 00:04:41.410 home. 118 00:04:41.410 --> 00:04:44.290 But equally fascinating, there's new evidence 119 00:04:44.290 --> 00:04:46.530 supporting a really controversial theory 120 00:04:46.530 --> 00:04:48.170 about what happened to early human 121 00:04:48.170 --> 00:04:50.850 civilizations 12,000 years ago. 122 00:04:51.170 --> 00:04:53.730 Anna: The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis. 123 00:04:54.210 --> 00:04:56.650 Researchers have found shocked quartz at 124 00:04:56.650 --> 00:04:59.130 three different Clovis culture archaeological 125 00:04:59.130 --> 00:05:01.410 sites. Murray Springs in Arizona, 126 00:05:01.710 --> 00:05:04.110 Blackwater Draw in New Mexico, and 127 00:05:04.190 --> 00:05:06.510 Arlington Canyon in California. 128 00:05:06.670 --> 00:05:08.980 Avery: And shocked quartz is key here, Anna. Ah, 129 00:05:08.980 --> 00:05:11.590 this stuff only forms under extreme pressure 130 00:05:11.590 --> 00:05:13.350 and heat. We're talking about conditions 131 00:05:13.350 --> 00:05:16.030 similar to nuclear explosions or massive 132 00:05:16.030 --> 00:05:18.590 impact craters. It's not something you find 133 00:05:18.590 --> 00:05:19.870 lying around naturally. 134 00:05:20.190 --> 00:05:23.030 Anna: The theory suggests that an exploding comet 135 00:05:23.030 --> 00:05:25.830 12,000 years ago triggered this abrupt 136 00:05:25.830 --> 00:05:28.470 cooling period called the Younger Dryas. And 137 00:05:28.470 --> 00:05:30.910 this wasn't just a climate event. It may have 138 00:05:30.910 --> 00:05:33.380 caused the extinction of megafauna like we' 139 00:05:33.610 --> 00:05:36.010 mammoths and contributed to the collapse of 140 00:05:36.010 --> 00:05:37.130 the Clovis culture. 141 00:05:37.370 --> 00:05:39.810 Avery: It's fascinating to think that a cosmic event 142 00:05:39.810 --> 00:05:42.170 could have such profound effects on early 143 00:05:42.170 --> 00:05:44.530 human civilization. I mean, we're talking 144 00:05:44.530 --> 00:05:46.290 about a period when humans were just 145 00:05:46.290 --> 00:05:48.650 developing agriculture and settling into more 146 00:05:48.650 --> 00:05:49.530 permanent communities. 147 00:05:50.010 --> 00:05:52.850 Anna: Exactly. And finding this shocked quartz 148 00:05:52.850 --> 00:05:55.330 at multiple sites really strengthens the 149 00:05:55.330 --> 00:05:57.490 case. This has been a controversial 150 00:05:57.490 --> 00:05:59.930 hypothesis for years, but the physical 151 00:05:59.930 --> 00:06:02.450 evidence is mounting. It shows how 152 00:06:02.450 --> 00:06:05.280 vulnerable we are to cosmic events, even to 153 00:06:05.430 --> 00:06:05.670 today. 154 00:06:05.990 --> 00:06:08.390 Avery: Speaking of cosmic impacts and their effects, 155 00:06:08.470 --> 00:06:10.270 we should talk about something exciting 156 00:06:10.270 --> 00:06:12.990 happening in exoplanet research. The James 157 00:06:12.990 --> 00:06:15.190 Webb Telescope has been making incredible 158 00:06:15.190 --> 00:06:17.590 discoveries about planetary atmospheres. And 159 00:06:17.590 --> 00:06:19.110 there's one recent finding that's 160 00:06:19.110 --> 00:06:20.390 particularly intriguing. 161 00:06:20.550 --> 00:06:23.310 Anna: You're talking about WASP 96B, aren't 162 00:06:23.310 --> 00:06:25.830 you? The Webb telescope has been analyzing 163 00:06:25.830 --> 00:06:28.550 its atmosphere in unprecedented detail. And 164 00:06:28.550 --> 00:06:30.790 what they found is revolutionizing our 165 00:06:30.790 --> 00:06:33.470 understanding of how water vapor and clouds 166 00:06:33.470 --> 00:06:36.150 behave on exoplanets. This hot gas 167 00:06:36.150 --> 00:06:39.090 giant about 1100 light years away 168 00:06:39.330 --> 00:06:41.610 is giving us insights that could apply to 169 00:06:41.610 --> 00:06:43.090 thousands of other worlds. 170 00:06:43.490 --> 00:06:46.170 Avery: Exactly. What's remarkable is that Webb can 171 00:06:46.170 --> 00:06:48.570 detect individual molecules in the planet's 172 00:06:48.570 --> 00:06:50.490 atmosphere as it transits in front of its 173 00:06:50.490 --> 00:06:53.089 star. We're seeing clear signatures of water 174 00:06:53.089 --> 00:06:55.290 vapor, along with evidence of clouds and 175 00:06:55.290 --> 00:06:58.170 haze. But here's the kicker. The atmospheric 176 00:06:58.170 --> 00:07:00.370 composition is nothing like what our current 177 00:07:00.370 --> 00:07:02.130 models predicted for planets like this. 178 00:07:02.370 --> 00:07:05.010 Anna: This is why Webb is such a game changer. 179 00:07:05.170 --> 00:07:08.090 Each exoplanet atmosphere it analyzes is 180 00:07:08.090 --> 00:07:10.670 like open chapter in planetary science. 181 00:07:10.910 --> 00:07:13.350 And as we build this database of atmospheric 182 00:07:13.350 --> 00:07:15.430 compositions across different types of 183 00:07:15.430 --> 00:07:17.790 worlds, we're getting closer to answering 184 00:07:17.790 --> 00:07:20.550 that fundamental question. What makes a 185 00:07:20.550 --> 00:07:23.110 planet capable of supporting life as we know 186 00:07:23.110 --> 00:07:23.390 it? 187 00:07:23.870 --> 00:07:26.110 Avery: Which brings us perfectly to our next story. 188 00:07:26.270 --> 00:07:29.070 Apophis, the so called God of chaos 189 00:07:29.150 --> 00:07:32.030 asteroid. Now, before anyone panics, 190 00:07:32.030 --> 00:07:34.590 this is a completely safe passage, but it's 191 00:07:34.590 --> 00:07:34.910 going to. 192 00:07:34.910 --> 00:07:37.630 Anna: Be absolutely Spectacular on 193 00:07:37.630 --> 00:07:40.310 Friday, April 13, 2029. And 194 00:07:40.310 --> 00:07:42.850 yes, that is Friday the 13th. This 195 00:07:42.850 --> 00:07:45.730 340 meter asteroid will pass 196 00:07:45.730 --> 00:07:48.050 closer to Earth than our geosynchronous 197 00:07:48.050 --> 00:07:50.770 satellites. We're talking about just 5.9 198 00:07:50.770 --> 00:07:51.930 Earth radii away. 199 00:07:52.410 --> 00:07:55.010 Avery: The timing couldn't be more perfect for a 200 00:07:55.010 --> 00:07:57.650 dramatic effect, right? Friday the 201 00:07:57.650 --> 00:08:00.290 13th and an asteroid called the God of 202 00:08:00.290 --> 00:08:02.970 Chaos. But here's what's really exciting. 203 00:08:03.290 --> 00:08:06.290 Up to 2 billion people might be able to see 204 00:08:06.290 --> 00:08:08.930 this with the naked eye. That's four times 205 00:08:08.930 --> 00:08:11.210 more people than watched Neil Armstrong step 206 00:08:11.210 --> 00:08:12.010 onto the moon. 207 00:08:12.450 --> 00:08:15.210 Anna: And this kind of close approach only 208 00:08:15.210 --> 00:08:17.730 happens once every 7,500 years. 209 00:08:18.130 --> 00:08:20.370 So this is truly a, uh, once in multiple 210 00:08:20.370 --> 00:08:23.090 lifetimes event. The scientific community 211 00:08:23.170 --> 00:08:25.930 is incredibly excited. Europe's 212 00:08:25.930 --> 00:08:28.490 planning the Ramses mission. Japan has 213 00:08:28.490 --> 00:08:31.210 destiny plus And NASA is sending 214 00:08:31.210 --> 00:08:32.450 Osiris apex. 215 00:08:32.850 --> 00:08:35.370 Avery: It's going to be an unprecedented scientific 216 00:08:35.370 --> 00:08:37.570 opportunity. We'll be able to study how 217 00:08:37.570 --> 00:08:40.090 Earth's gravity affects the asteroid's 218 00:08:40.090 --> 00:08:42.650 rotation, surface and internal 219 00:08:42.650 --> 00:08:45.330 structure. Plus imagine the photos and 220 00:08:45.330 --> 00:08:47.570 videos we'll get as it streaks across the 221 00:08:47.570 --> 00:08:47.930 sky. 222 00:08:48.250 --> 00:08:50.370 Anna: The scientific planning for this event has 223 00:08:50.370 --> 00:08:52.810 been in the works for years, Avery. The 224 00:08:52.810 --> 00:08:55.250 Ramses mission from ESA will actually arrive 225 00:08:55.250 --> 00:08:58.050 at apophis before the 29 226 00:08:58.050 --> 00:09:00.410 encounter to study it in its natural state. 227 00:09:00.810 --> 00:09:03.490 Then they'll observe in real time how Earth's 228 00:09:03.490 --> 00:09:06.090 gravitational field changes the asteroid's 229 00:09:06.090 --> 00:09:08.330 shape, spin and surface features. 230 00:09:08.730 --> 00:09:11.730 Avery: And NASA's OSIRIS APEX mission is equally 231 00:09:11.730 --> 00:09:14.170 exciting. This is actually the same 232 00:09:14.170 --> 00:09:16.190 spacecraft that visited astronaut Asteroid 233 00:09:16.190 --> 00:09:18.830 Bennu and collected samples. It's being 234 00:09:18.830 --> 00:09:21.750 repurposed to study Apophis, and it'll use 235 00:09:21.750 --> 00:09:24.030 its thrusters to kick up material from the 236 00:09:24.030 --> 00:09:26.350 surface so we can analyze the asteroid's 237 00:09:26.350 --> 00:09:28.790 composition in detail. We're essentially 238 00:09:28.790 --> 00:09:30.870 getting a free asteroid sample return 239 00:09:30.950 --> 00:09:31.430 mission. 240 00:09:31.750 --> 00:09:34.630 Anna: I can only imagine the social media 241 00:09:34.790 --> 00:09:37.110 explosion that's going to happen that day. 242 00:09:37.590 --> 00:09:40.430 Two billion people all looking up 243 00:09:40.430 --> 00:09:43.110 at the same time, watching the same 244 00:09:43.110 --> 00:09:45.510 cosmic visitor. It's going to be 245 00:09:45.510 --> 00:09:46.390 incredible. 246 00:09:47.360 --> 00:09:49.280 You know, while we're talking about future 247 00:09:49.280 --> 00:09:52.200 cosmic events, Avery, we should mention 248 00:09:52.200 --> 00:09:54.520 some significant developments in lunar 249 00:09:54.520 --> 00:09:57.440 science. NASA's recent analysis of data 250 00:09:57.440 --> 00:09:59.680 from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has 251 00:09:59.680 --> 00:10:01.800 revealed something fascinating about the 252 00:10:01.800 --> 00:10:04.640 Moon's south polar region. There may be 253 00:10:04.640 --> 00:10:06.880 significantly more water ice trapped in 254 00:10:06.880 --> 00:10:09.040 permanently shadowed craters than we 255 00:10:09.040 --> 00:10:09.920 previously thought. 256 00:10:10.240 --> 00:10:12.530 Avery: This is huge for the Artemis program. Anna. 257 00:10:12.530 --> 00:10:14.960 Uh, the presence of water ice isn't just 258 00:10:14.960 --> 00:10:17.490 scientifically interesting, it's potentially 259 00:10:17.490 --> 00:10:19.570 mission critical for long term lunar 260 00:10:19.570 --> 00:10:22.170 habitation. We're talking about a resource 261 00:10:22.170 --> 00:10:24.010 that could be converted into drinking water, 262 00:10:24.490 --> 00:10:27.410 oxygen for breathing, and even rocket fuel 263 00:10:27.410 --> 00:10:29.770 for future Mars missions. The Moon could 264 00:10:29.770 --> 00:10:32.210 literally become a refueling station for 265 00:10:32.210 --> 00:10:33.530 deeper space exploration. 266 00:10:34.170 --> 00:10:36.570 Now, before we wrap up, we've got a couple of 267 00:10:36.570 --> 00:10:38.210 quick bonus stories that I think our 268 00:10:38.210 --> 00:10:41.130 listeners will love. There'll be this amazing 269 00:10:41.130 --> 00:10:44.060 triple conjunction on September 19th where 270 00:10:44.060 --> 00:10:46.620 Venus Regulus and a crescent Moon 271 00:10:46.780 --> 00:10:49.140 will form what looks like a smiley face in 272 00:10:49.140 --> 00:10:50.140 the dawn sky. 273 00:10:50.460 --> 00:10:53.380 Anna: Oh, that should be adorable. And there will 274 00:10:53.380 --> 00:10:55.660 be rare occultations happening too. 275 00:10:56.140 --> 00:10:57.980 Sometimes the universe just seems to have a 276 00:10:57.980 --> 00:10:59.580 sense of humor about these alignments. 277 00:10:59.980 --> 00:11:02.220 Avery: And speaking of surprises, there was an 278 00:11:02.220 --> 00:11:04.740 unexpected aurora storm caused by something 279 00:11:04.740 --> 00:11:07.220 called a positive polarity island in a 280 00:11:07.220 --> 00:11:10.140 coronal hole. It created a G3 281 00:11:10.140 --> 00:11:12.820 geomagnetic storm that was visible as far 282 00:11:12.820 --> 00:11:14.060 south as Texas. 283 00:11:14.740 --> 00:11:17.700 Anna: People in Texas seeing the northern lights, 284 00:11:17.860 --> 00:11:20.420 that's just wild. It really shows how 285 00:11:20.420 --> 00:11:22.980 dynamic and unpredictable our sun can be. 286 00:11:23.540 --> 00:11:25.820 These space weather events are becoming more 287 00:11:25.820 --> 00:11:28.020 important to track as we become more 288 00:11:28.020 --> 00:11:29.780 dependent on satellite technology. 289 00:11:30.500 --> 00:11:31.380 Avery: Absolutely. 290 00:11:31.700 --> 00:11:34.140 Well, that wraps up another incredible day in 291 00:11:34.140 --> 00:11:37.140 Astronomy News. From spacecraft delays and 292 00:11:37.140 --> 00:11:39.540 magnetic field reversals to ancient 293 00:11:39.540 --> 00:11:42.380 impacts and future asteroid encounters, the 294 00:11:42.380 --> 00:11:44.140 universe never stops surprising us. 295 00:11:44.460 --> 00:11:47.140 Anna: It really doesn't. Thanks to all our 296 00:11:47.140 --> 00:11:49.260 listeners for joining us on Astronomy Daily. 297 00:11:49.580 --> 00:11:52.260 Keep looking up, stay curious, and we'll see 298 00:11:52.260 --> 00:11:54.540 you next time with more amazing stories from 299 00:11:54.540 --> 00:11:55.580 across the cosmos. 300 00:11:55.820 --> 00:11:57.980 Avery: Until next time, this is Anna and Avery 301 00:11:57.980 --> 00:11:59.740 signing off. Clear skies, everyone.