WEBVTT 0 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.440 Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your regular dose 1 00:00:02.440 --> 00:00:04.360 of the latest in space and astronomy news. 2 00:00:04.360 --> 00:00:05.200 I'm Anna. 3 00:00:05.440 --> 00:00:08.280 Avery: And I'm Avery. We're thrilled to have 4 00:00:08.280 --> 00:00:11.000 you join us as we explore the cosmos 5 00:00:11.000 --> 00:00:12.840 and bring you the most fascinating 6 00:00:12.840 --> 00:00:15.360 discoveries from across the universe. 7 00:00:15.640 --> 00:00:18.320 Anna: Uh, today we've got a packed episode. We'll 8 00:00:18.320 --> 00:00:21.000 be diving into Jeff Bezos bold vision for 9 00:00:21.000 --> 00:00:23.760 orbital data centers. The surprising rarity 10 00:00:23.760 --> 00:00:26.320 of technological civilizations in our galaxy, 11 00:00:26.560 --> 00:00:29.040 a disturbing trend of the Northern Hemisphere 12 00:00:29.120 --> 00:00:31.560 darkening, and a rogue planet. That's 13 00:00:31.560 --> 00:00:33.620 definitely expectations by growing at an 14 00:00:33.620 --> 00:00:34.620 astonishing rate. 15 00:00:35.100 --> 00:00:38.060 Avery: Let's start with a big idea from a big name. 16 00:00:38.300 --> 00:00:41.220 Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon and Blue 17 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:43.620 Origin, recently made a prediction that 18 00:00:43.620 --> 00:00:46.340 within the next 10 to 20 years, we could see 19 00:00:46.340 --> 00:00:48.940 extremely large scale data centers being 20 00:00:48.940 --> 00:00:50.380 built in Earth's orbit. 21 00:00:50.540 --> 00:00:52.020 Anna: That sounds like something straight out of 22 00:00:52.020 --> 00:00:54.420 science fiction. Avery, what's the driving 23 00:00:54.420 --> 00:00:55.740 force behind this concept? 24 00:00:56.300 --> 00:00:59.260 Avery: Well, it addresses some critical challenges 25 00:00:59.340 --> 00:01:01.580 faced by Earth based data centers, 26 00:01:01.990 --> 00:01:04.310 primarily power supply and cooling. 27 00:01:04.870 --> 00:01:07.230 Bezos highlights that space offers 28 00:01:07.230 --> 00:01:09.590 continuous access to solar power, 29 00:01:09.990 --> 00:01:12.790 uninterrupted by atmosphere or weather. 30 00:01:13.510 --> 00:01:16.150 Imagine 247 solar energy 31 00:01:16.150 --> 00:01:19.150 collection without clouds, rain or 32 00:01:19.150 --> 00:01:20.070 night cycles. 33 00:01:20.390 --> 00:01:22.510 Anna: And cooling, I imagine, is a huge factor for 34 00:01:22.510 --> 00:01:23.990 these massive computing facilities. 35 00:01:24.790 --> 00:01:27.790 Avery: Absolutely. Temperatures in space can 36 00:01:27.790 --> 00:01:30.390 drop to negative 270 37 00:01:30.470 --> 00:01:33.250 degrees Celsius in shadow. This 38 00:01:33.250 --> 00:01:36.010 extreme cold could significantly simplify 39 00:01:36.010 --> 00:01:38.690 cooling systems, making orbital clusters 40 00:01:38.770 --> 00:01:41.730 ideal for intensive computational tasks like 41 00:01:41.810 --> 00:01:44.050 AI model training, which demand 42 00:01:44.370 --> 00:01:47.250 constant massive power input and 43 00:01:47.250 --> 00:01:48.929 generate immense heat. 44 00:01:49.170 --> 00:01:50.970 Anna: It's an intriguing vision, but the technical 45 00:01:50.970 --> 00:01:53.250 and economic hurdles must be astronomical. 46 00:01:53.650 --> 00:01:55.850 We're talking about generating gigawatts of 47 00:01:55.850 --> 00:01:57.890 power and housing thousands of tons of 48 00:01:57.890 --> 00:01:58.290 equipment. 49 00:01:58.970 --> 00:02:01.210 Avery: You're not wrong, Anna. Uh, to generate just 50 00:02:01.210 --> 00:02:04.010 one gigawatt of continuous electrical power 51 00:02:04.010 --> 00:02:06.930 in Earth orbit would require a solar panel 52 00:02:06.930 --> 00:02:09.930 array roughly 1.5 to 1.8 53 00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:12.370 kilometers per side. That's an area 54 00:02:12.370 --> 00:02:14.650 equivalent to several major airports. 55 00:02:14.970 --> 00:02:17.130 Anna: And the weight of those solar panels alone? 56 00:02:17.610 --> 00:02:20.530 Between 9,000 and 11,250 57 00:02:20.530 --> 00:02:23.530 metric tons. Lifting that into low 58 00:02:23.530 --> 00:02:26.000 Earth orbit with current technology, even 59 00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:28.400 with the most advanced rockets like SpaceX's 60 00:02:28.400 --> 00:02:31.400 Falcon Heavy would cost anywhere from 13 to 61 00:02:31.400 --> 00:02:33.880 over $25 billion and require hundreds of 62 00:02:33.880 --> 00:02:34.400 launches. 63 00:02:34.960 --> 00:02:37.640 Avery: Then there's the heat. Nearly all 64 00:02:37.640 --> 00:02:40.560 input power becomes heat, which must be 65 00:02:40.560 --> 00:02:43.520 radiated into space. We're talking 66 00:02:43.680 --> 00:02:46.520 millions of square meters of radiators to 67 00:02:46.520 --> 00:02:48.880 handle a gigawatt of thermal load. 68 00:02:49.520 --> 00:02:51.720 Radiators tend to weigh more than solar 69 00:02:51.720 --> 00:02:54.600 panels. So add tens of billions more dollars 70 00:02:54.600 --> 00:02:55.600 to that price tag. 71 00:02:55.910 --> 00:02:57.670 Anna: And that's before we even consider the actual 72 00:02:57.670 --> 00:03:00.150 AI server equipment, which itself weighs tens 73 00:03:00.150 --> 00:03:02.670 of thousands of metric tons and costs tens of 74 00:03:02.670 --> 00:03:05.230 Billions. So while Bezos vision is 75 00:03:05.230 --> 00:03:07.750 technically possible, the logistical, 76 00:03:07.750 --> 00:03:10.550 economic and engineering challenges are truly 77 00:03:10.550 --> 00:03:13.350 enormous. It's a testament to the grand scale 78 00:03:13.350 --> 00:03:15.190 of what humanity might attempt in space. 79 00:03:15.830 --> 00:03:18.510 Avery: From massive orbital infrastructure, let's 80 00:03:18.510 --> 00:03:21.310 turn our gaze to life beyond Earth. New 81 00:03:21.310 --> 00:03:23.710 research is shedding light on just how rare 82 00:03:23.710 --> 00:03:26.190 technological civilizations might be in our 83 00:03:26.190 --> 00:03:26.790 galaxy. 84 00:03:27.300 --> 00:03:29.380 Anna: And the findings are quite sobering. Avery 85 00:03:29.540 --> 00:03:32.100 According to research presented at the EPSC 86 00:03:32.340 --> 00:03:34.820 DPS 2025 joint meeting, 87 00:03:35.220 --> 00:03:37.260 the nearest technological civilization in the 88 00:03:37.260 --> 00:03:40.060 Milky Way could be as far as 33,000 89 00:03:40.060 --> 00:03:43.059 light years away. For such a species to exist 90 00:03:43.059 --> 00:03:45.660 at the same time as us, their civilization 91 00:03:45.660 --> 00:03:47.620 would need to have survived for at least 92 00:03:47.620 --> 00:03:50.460 280,000 years and potentially 93 00:03:50.460 --> 00:03:50.980 millions. 94 00:03:51.300 --> 00:03:54.020 Avery: These, uh, findings really underscore how 95 00:03:54.020 --> 00:03:56.900 specific the conditions for life, especially 96 00:03:57.220 --> 00:04:00.160 intelligent life trul are. It's not 97 00:04:00.160 --> 00:04:02.240 just about a planet being in the habitable 98 00:04:02.240 --> 00:04:04.720 zone. It's about a delicate balance of 99 00:04:04.720 --> 00:04:07.120 geological and atmospheric factors. 100 00:04:07.680 --> 00:04:10.360 Anna: Indeed, Dr. Manuel Scherf and 101 00:04:10.360 --> 00:04:12.600 Professor Helmut Lammer highlight the 102 00:04:12.600 --> 00:04:15.600 necessity of active plate tectonics, which is 103 00:04:15.600 --> 00:04:17.800 crucial for regulating carbon dioxide in the 104 00:04:17.800 --> 00:04:19.840 atmosphere through the carbon silicate cycle. 105 00:04:20.080 --> 00:04:22.200 This balance prevents either a runaway 106 00:04:22.200 --> 00:04:24.600 greenhouse effect or the atmosphere escaping 107 00:04:24.600 --> 00:04:26.780 into space, both of which would render a, ah, 108 00:04:26.860 --> 00:04:28.020 planet uninhabitable. 109 00:04:28.260 --> 00:04:30.900 Avery: But even with plate tectonics, the clock is 110 00:04:30.900 --> 00:04:33.620 ticking. Carbon dioxide is gradually 111 00:04:33.620 --> 00:04:36.100 locked away in rocks rather than recycled. 112 00:04:36.580 --> 00:04:39.580 On Earth, photosynthesis is expected to stop 113 00:04:39.580 --> 00:04:42.180 working in about 200 million to a billion 114 00:04:42.260 --> 00:04:45.140 years due to declining CO2 levels. 115 00:04:45.620 --> 00:04:48.180 Planets need just the right amount to sustain 116 00:04:48.180 --> 00:04:50.180 a biosphere for billions of years. 117 00:04:50.990 --> 00:04:53.510 Anna: Then there's oxygen. Not only is it needed 118 00:04:53.510 --> 00:04:55.590 for complex animals, but studies show that if 119 00:04:55.590 --> 00:04:58.470 oxygen levels fall below 18%, open air 120 00:04:58.470 --> 00:05:01.310 combustion becomes impossible. Without fire, 121 00:05:01.390 --> 00:05:04.070 the smelting of metal is unfeasible, making a 122 00:05:04.070 --> 00:05:06.190 technological civilization as we understand 123 00:05:06.190 --> 00:05:07.470 it impossible. 124 00:05:07.870 --> 00:05:10.470 Avery: So combining all these factors, the planet's 125 00:05:10.470 --> 00:05:12.950 ability to maintain a biosphere, the time it 126 00:05:12.950 --> 00:05:15.310 takes for technological life to evolve, which 127 00:05:15.310 --> 00:05:17.550 on Earth was 4.5 billion years, 128 00:05:18.110 --> 00:05:20.670 and the lifetime of a technological species, 129 00:05:21.220 --> 00:05:23.940 Dr. Scherf and Professor Lammer conclude that 130 00:05:23.940 --> 00:05:26.580 technological species are incredibly rare. 131 00:05:26.660 --> 00:05:29.460 Anna: Their estimate of 33,000 light years to the 132 00:05:29.460 --> 00:05:32.260 next closest technological civilization puts 133 00:05:32.260 --> 00:05:34.340 it potentially on the other side of the Milky 134 00:05:34.340 --> 00:05:37.260 Way from us. It's a stark reminder of 135 00:05:37.260 --> 00:05:39.140 how unique our existence might be. 136 00:05:39.780 --> 00:05:42.340 Avery: Despite these discouraging numbers, Dr. 137 00:05:42.340 --> 00:05:44.660 Scherf strongly advocates for 138 00:05:44.820 --> 00:05:47.420 continuing the search for extraterrestrial 139 00:05:47.420 --> 00:05:50.150 intelligence, or seti. He says 140 00:05:50.230 --> 00:05:52.430 finding nothing makes their theory more 141 00:05:52.430 --> 00:05:55.430 likely. But finding something would be 142 00:05:55.430 --> 00:05:58.030 one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs 143 00:05:58.030 --> 00:06:00.750 ever. It's a quest for understanding our 144 00:06:00.750 --> 00:06:03.070 place in the universe, Regardless of the 145 00:06:03.070 --> 00:06:03.430 odds. 146 00:06:03.990 --> 00:06:06.910 Anna: Next, we shift our focus closer to home To 147 00:06:06.910 --> 00:06:09.030 a fascinating and somewhat concerning study 148 00:06:09.030 --> 00:06:11.830 about our own planet. For nearly two decades, 149 00:06:11.830 --> 00:06:13.710 Satellites have been quietly measuring the 150 00:06:13.710 --> 00:06:15.550 flow of sunlight and heat Through Earth's 151 00:06:15.550 --> 00:06:17.840 atmosphere, and the results indicate a 152 00:06:17.840 --> 00:06:18.760 disturbing trend. 153 00:06:19.160 --> 00:06:21.160 Avery: That's right, Anna. Uh, Scientists are 154 00:06:21.160 --> 00:06:23.440 reporting that the northern hemisphere Is 155 00:06:23.440 --> 00:06:25.680 steadily getting darker Compared to the 156 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:28.600 Southern hemisphere. This isn't about literal 157 00:06:28.600 --> 00:06:31.360 darkness, but rather its reduced ability to 158 00:06:31.360 --> 00:06:34.320 reflect sunlight back into space. This 159 00:06:34.320 --> 00:06:37.160 discrepancy could profoundly redefine 160 00:06:37.160 --> 00:06:39.800 global wind patterns, Ocean currents, and 161 00:06:39.800 --> 00:06:40.760 even temperatures. 162 00:06:41.160 --> 00:06:43.680 Anna: The study uses 24 years of data from NASA's 163 00:06:43.680 --> 00:06:46.560 Ceres system, which tracks absorbed solar 164 00:06:46.560 --> 00:06:48.500 radiation and outgoing long wind wave 165 00:06:48.500 --> 00:06:50.780 radiation. They found that the northern 166 00:06:50.780 --> 00:06:53.780 hemisphere absorbed about 0.34 watts per 167 00:06:53.780 --> 00:06:56.780 square meter more solar energy every decade 168 00:06:56.780 --> 00:06:59.660 Than the southern hemisphere. While it sounds 169 00:06:59.660 --> 00:07:01.820 small, it's statistically significant enough 170 00:07:01.820 --> 00:07:04.020 to upset Earth's delicate energy balance. 171 00:07:04.740 --> 00:07:07.220 Avery: Several intertwined factors are driving this 172 00:07:07.220 --> 00:07:09.820 darkening. A major one is the loss of 173 00:07:09.820 --> 00:07:12.580 reflective surfaces. Melted sea ice 174 00:07:12.580 --> 00:07:14.980 and decreasing snow cover in the Arctic 175 00:07:14.980 --> 00:07:17.500 Expose darker land and ocean, which 176 00:07:17.500 --> 00:07:18.740 absorb more heat. 177 00:07:19.470 --> 00:07:21.630 Anna: Another significant factor is the decline in 178 00:07:21.630 --> 00:07:23.790 airborne particles known as aerosols. 179 00:07:24.270 --> 00:07:26.710 Tighter air pollution regulations, While 180 00:07:26.710 --> 00:07:29.230 beneficial for human health, have purged 181 00:07:29.230 --> 00:07:32.070 these small pollutants. Aerosols previously 182 00:07:32.070 --> 00:07:33.750 scattered sunlight and contributed to 183 00:07:33.750 --> 00:07:35.910 reflective clouds Bouncing radiation away 184 00:07:35.910 --> 00:07:36.510 from Earth. 185 00:07:36.990 --> 00:07:39.310 Avery: Interestingly, in the Southern hemisphere, 186 00:07:39.550 --> 00:07:41.870 Natural events like Australia's massive 187 00:07:41.870 --> 00:07:44.510 bushfires and the Hunga Tonga volcanic 188 00:07:44.510 --> 00:07:47.280 eruption Temporarily raised aerosol 189 00:07:47.280 --> 00:07:49.920 levels, Enhancing sunlight reflection. 190 00:07:50.240 --> 00:07:52.520 But these spikes weren't enough to counteract 191 00:07:52.520 --> 00:07:53.520 the global imbalance. 192 00:07:54.080 --> 00:07:56.520 Anna: This suggests a broken symmetry in Earth's 193 00:07:56.520 --> 00:07:59.440 climate system. For years, researchers 194 00:07:59.440 --> 00:08:01.880 assumed the planet would self regulate with 195 00:08:01.880 --> 00:08:04.400 clouds or ocean currents, Redistributing 196 00:08:04.400 --> 00:08:07.240 excess energy. But the data indicate 197 00:08:07.240 --> 00:08:09.120 clouds aren't fully compensating for these 198 00:08:09.120 --> 00:08:10.480 hemispheric imbalances. 199 00:08:11.130 --> 00:08:13.370 Avery: This matters because the energy imbalance 200 00:08:13.370 --> 00:08:16.010 Directly drives air and ocean circulation. 201 00:08:16.490 --> 00:08:18.610 The force is behind weather and climate 202 00:08:18.610 --> 00:08:21.570 stability. As the north absorbs more 203 00:08:21.570 --> 00:08:24.050 energy, Heat transport patterns can be 204 00:08:24.050 --> 00:08:26.809 altered, Potentially intensifying warming 205 00:08:26.809 --> 00:08:28.090 on northern continents. 206 00:08:28.330 --> 00:08:30.890 Anna: The implications are broad. More severe 207 00:08:30.890 --> 00:08:32.730 summers in Europe and North America, 208 00:08:32.890 --> 00:08:35.410 Interference with wind patterns and increased 209 00:08:35.410 --> 00:08:38.190 Arctic ice melt. While these changes are 210 00:08:38.190 --> 00:08:40.870 slow, they accumulate, Reinforcing climate 211 00:08:40.870 --> 00:08:43.550 change feedback loops. This also means 212 00:08:43.550 --> 00:08:45.870 global warming won't occur uniformly. 213 00:08:46.110 --> 00:08:48.270 Regions like North America, Europe, and Asia 214 00:08:48.350 --> 00:08:50.030 Might see greater temperature rises. 215 00:08:50.350 --> 00:08:53.150 Avery: For policymakers, it highlights a complex 216 00:08:54.030 --> 00:08:56.590 cutting. Aerosol pollution cleans the air, 217 00:08:56.750 --> 00:08:59.510 but also affects how the planet reflects the 218 00:08:59.510 --> 00:09:02.470 sun. Climate models need to capture this 219 00:09:02.470 --> 00:09:05.110 interplay more accurately. It's a stark 220 00:09:05.110 --> 00:09:07.870 reminder that small changes can subtly 221 00:09:08.110 --> 00:09:10.990 yet profoundly shift our planet's delicate 222 00:09:10.990 --> 00:09:11.790 energy balance. 223 00:09:12.430 --> 00:09:14.670 Anna: Finally, we journey to the cold, dark depths 224 00:09:14.670 --> 00:09:17.110 of interstellar space, where a rogue planet 225 00:09:17.110 --> 00:09:18.910 is making headlines for its astonishing 226 00:09:18.910 --> 00:09:19.230 growth. 227 00:09:19.630 --> 00:09:21.950 Avery: That's right, Anna, uh, Recent observations 228 00:09:21.950 --> 00:09:24.670 from the European Southern Observatory's Very 229 00:09:24.670 --> 00:09:27.350 Large Telescope have captured a free 230 00:09:27.350 --> 00:09:29.950 floating object known as CHA 231 00:09:30.030 --> 00:09:33.390 11077626, 232 00:09:33.630 --> 00:09:36.370 pulling in gas and dust from its surround at 233 00:09:36.370 --> 00:09:38.970 a staggering 6 billion tons per second. 234 00:09:39.450 --> 00:09:41.490 That's a pace never before seen in a 235 00:09:41.490 --> 00:09:42.330 planetary body. 236 00:09:43.290 --> 00:09:45.570 Anna: 6 billion tons per second? That's mind 237 00:09:45.570 --> 00:09:47.730 boggling, especially for an object that lacks 238 00:09:47.730 --> 00:09:50.410 a host star and drifts freely through space. 239 00:09:51.050 --> 00:09:53.530 It's behaving more like a young star with 240 00:09:53.530 --> 00:09:55.890 sudden outbursts of brightness and magnetic 241 00:09:55.890 --> 00:09:58.410 accretion events. The lead author Victor 242 00:09:58.410 --> 00:10:00.850 Almendro Sabad even stated it blurs the very 243 00:10:00.850 --> 00:10:02.860 definition of what a planet is. 244 00:10:03.260 --> 00:10:05.896 Avery: Discovered in 2008, 245 00:10:06.304 --> 00:10:09.260 CHA110-77626 was initially thought 246 00:10:09.260 --> 00:10:11.580 to be a brown dwarf or a forming star. 247 00:10:11.980 --> 00:10:14.340 But at only five to ten times the mass of 248 00:10:14.340 --> 00:10:17.020 Jupiter, it falls below the typical threshold 249 00:10:17.020 --> 00:10:19.660 for either. Stars need around 80 250 00:10:19.660 --> 00:10:22.300 Jupiter masses to ignite fusion, and brown 251 00:10:22.300 --> 00:10:24.140 dwarfs require at least 13. 252 00:10:24.700 --> 00:10:26.780 Anna: Yet despite its low mass, it's undergoing 253 00:10:26.780 --> 00:10:29.470 accretion, the very process by which stars 254 00:10:29.470 --> 00:10:32.470 are born. The dramatic brightening observed 255 00:10:32.470 --> 00:10:35.270 in 2025 mirrored Exor bursts seen in 256 00:10:35.270 --> 00:10:38.110 nascent stars linked to rapid accretion 257 00:10:38.110 --> 00:10:41.070 surges. They even found water vapor in 258 00:10:41.070 --> 00:10:43.110 its atmosphere during the burst, a chemical 259 00:10:43.110 --> 00:10:45.030 signature typically observed during stellar 260 00:10:45.030 --> 00:10:46.270 accretion, not planetary. 261 00:10:46.750 --> 00:10:49.590 Avery: This discovery adds significant fuel to a 262 00:10:49.590 --> 00:10:51.990 longstanding debate about how free floating 263 00:10:51.990 --> 00:10:54.730 planetary mass objects form. Are they 264 00:10:54.730 --> 00:10:57.250 failed stars, or are they ejected planets 265 00:10:57.250 --> 00:10:59.970 kicked out of developing systems? The data 266 00:10:59.970 --> 00:11:00.610 from chat 267 00:11:00.610 --> 00:11:03.370 110-77626 268 00:11:03.610 --> 00:11:05.930 leans towards the former, suggesting it 269 00:11:05.930 --> 00:11:08.010 formed in isolation like a star. 270 00:11:08.650 --> 00:11:10.570 Anna: It's a testament to how much we're still 271 00:11:10.570 --> 00:11:13.130 learning about planet formation and the fluid 272 00:11:13.130 --> 00:11:15.290 boundaries of astronomical classifications. 273 00:11:16.090 --> 00:11:18.210 Future tools like the Extremely Large 274 00:11:18.210 --> 00:11:20.610 Telescope will undoubtedly help us spot more 275 00:11:20.610 --> 00:11:22.730 of these elusive rogue planets and understand 276 00:11:22.730 --> 00:11:24.730 their earliest evolutionary phases. 277 00:11:25.730 --> 00:11:28.610 Avery: And that wraps up another exciting episode of 278 00:11:28.610 --> 00:11:30.970 Astronomy Daily. What a journey. From 279 00:11:30.970 --> 00:11:33.570 futuristic orbital data centers to the 280 00:11:33.570 --> 00:11:36.570 profound rarity of alien civilizations, and 281 00:11:36.570 --> 00:11:39.130 from the darkening of our own planet to a 282 00:11:39.130 --> 00:11:40.770 planet behaving like a star. 283 00:11:41.170 --> 00:11:42.930 Anna: It truly highlights the vastness and 284 00:11:42.930 --> 00:11:44.970 complexity of our universe and the incredible 285 00:11:44.970 --> 00:11:47.450 science being done every day. Thank you for 286 00:11:47.450 --> 00:11:47.970 joining us. 287 00:11:48.450 --> 00:11:51.090 Avery: Be sure to subscribe wherever you get your 288 00:11:51.090 --> 00:11:54.050 podcasts so you don't miss our next episode. 289 00:11:54.610 --> 00:11:57.570 Until then, keep looking up. There's a lot to 290 00:11:57.570 --> 00:11:59.930 see in the night sky this week, what with 291 00:11:59.930 --> 00:12:02.410 supermoons and asteroid showers in 292 00:12:02.410 --> 00:12:02.770 particular. 293 00:12:03.250 --> 00:12:05.530 Anna: Thanks, Avery. And I'm Anna, signing off 294 00:12:05.530 --> 00:12:07.530 until tomorrow, when we'll be back to bring 295 00:12:07.530 --> 00:12:10.090 you even more space and astronomy news. Until 296 00:12:10.090 --> 00:12:11.010 then, bye.