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Avery: Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily,

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the podcast that brings you the universe, one

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story at a time. I'm Avery, and as always,

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I'm joined by the brilliant Anna.

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Anna: Hi, Avery. And hello to all our

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listeners. We have a busy show today

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covering everything from a groundbreaking new

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private space telescope to Russia's only

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crewed launch pad. Running into some trouble.

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Avery: Plus, we've got the James Webb Space

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Telescope doing what it does best, peering

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into the heart of our Galax. And we'll

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look at some stunning new photos of home.

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So let's get started. Anna, uh, tell us about

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this new telescope.

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Anna: Absolutely.

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Our first story is a big one, though. It

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comes in a small package. A new space

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telescope named Mouth, about the size of

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a mini fridge, just launched successfully

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aboard a SpaceX transporter mission.

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Avery: Okay, a, uh, mini fridge in space.

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What makes this one so special?

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Anna: Well, unlike Hubble or Webb, Malve is

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owned by a private company, Blue Skies Space.

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And this is the key difference. Its data will

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also be private. Researchers will have to

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subscribe to get access to the ultraviolet

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spectra.

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Avery: It collects a subscription model

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for astronomical data. That's a

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fascinating shift.

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Anna: It really is. The mission was funded by a

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mix of EU grants and private funding,

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costing significantly less than comparable

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NASA missions. It's built on a CubeSat

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chassis, which is incredibly compact and

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will spend three years in low Earth orbit

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observing exoplanets, stellar flares

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and monitoring stars.

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Avery: So why would, uh, astronomers pay for this?

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Is the data that unique?

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Anna: It's about Access time on

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telescopes like Hubble is at an extreme

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premium, and most proposals get rejected.

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Mauve offers a dedicated stream of

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ultraviolet data, which is only accessible

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from space. For many institutions, an

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annual subscription could be a more reliable

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way to get the specific data they need for

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long term studies.

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Avery: That makes sense. So this could be the start

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of a whole new commercial market for

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astronomical observation.

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Anna: Exactly. Blue Sky Space already has

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another mission, Twinkle, planned for

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2027 to study exoplanet planet

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atmospheres. With falling launch costs and

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miniaturization, this could really change how

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a lot of astronomical research is done.

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Avery: Incredible. From a new beginning

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to a potential problem.

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Our next story takes us to the Baikonur

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Cosmodrome and Kazakhstan. Anna, uh,

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you have the details on some trouble for

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Roscosmos?

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Anna: That's right. Following the successful launch

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of the Soyuz MS.28 crew to the

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International Space Station, it seems the

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launch pad itself itself sustained some

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significant damage.

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Avery: What happened exactly?

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Anna: During the post launch inspection,

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Roscosmos confirmed that a maintenance cabin

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located in the Flame trench at site

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31.6 collapsed. This is a

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critical piece of hardware needed to prepare

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rockets for launch.

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Avery: And this is Russia's only active launch pad

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for sending cosmonauts to the iss. Right.

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Anna: That's the crucial part. They used to use the

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historic site one, Gagarin's start, but

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it was retired in 2020. So since

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then, all Russian crewed and cargo flights

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have gone from site 31. Roscosmos

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says they have the spare parts and will

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repair the damage, but some outside estimates

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suggest it could take up to two years.

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Avery: Two years. That would have a major

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impact on their ISS operations. There's

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a progress resupply mission scheduled for

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next month.

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Anna: Indeed, it's unclear at this point if that

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schedule will hold or if another pad could be

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adopted. The good news, of course, is that

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the Soyuz MS.28 crew, including

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NASA astronaut Chris Williams, arrived at the

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station safely and are beginning their 8m

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month stay.

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Avery: A, uh, situation to watch for. Sure.

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Alright, let's shift our gaze from Earth

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orbit to the very center of our galaxy. And

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the James Webb Space Telescope has been

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watching the Milky Way's supermassive black

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hole, Sagittarius A.

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And it saw something spectacular.

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Anna: It did. Astronomers used Webb

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to observe flares from Sagittarius

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A in mid infrared light

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for the first time. We've seen these flares

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in other wavelengths like near infrared

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and radio, but. But mid infrared was

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the missing piece of the puzzle.

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Avery: Why is seeing it in a different wavelength so

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important? Does it just look different?

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Anna: It's about understanding the physics of

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what's happening. The processes that create

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these flares don't show up in all

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wavelengths equally. By observing

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in mid infrared, Webb is bridging the

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gap between what we see in near infrared

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and radio waves, giving us a more

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complete picture of how the flare evolved.

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Avery: So what did this new view reveal? Mhm.

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Anna: Two really cool things. First, they

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confirmed that a process called synchrotron

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cooling is happening. This is when high

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speed electrons lose energy by

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emitting radiation. And that's what powers

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the mid infrared light we're seeing.

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Avery: Okay. Synchroton cooling. And the second

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thing, this is the.

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Anna: Big one, because the speed of that cooling

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process depends on the strength of the

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magnetic field. These new observations

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allow scientists to measure the magnetic

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field around the black hole more

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directly and cleanly than ever before.

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It's a critical parameter for understanding

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how these cosmic giants are sculpted

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and how they eject so much energy.

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Avery: Wow. So we're getting a direct measurement of

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the magnetic environment right next to a

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supermassive black hole. That's A huge step.

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Anna: It is. And the lead researchers

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emphasized this was only possible because

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of Webb's MIRI instrument, which can

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observe in that specific wavelength with

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incredible sensitivity, something

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impossible from the ground.

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Avery: Absolutely incredible. So now that we have

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this new tool to measure the magnetic field

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so close to the event horizon, we. What's the

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next big question these researchers are

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trying to answer? Are they looking for

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something specific in future observations?

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Anna: The ultimate goal is to understand how

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Sagittarius A feeds and grows.

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These flares are thought to be the crumbs

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from its meals, gas and stars that

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get too close. By studying the

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magnetic field, scientists can build better

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models of the accretion disk, which is the

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swirling vortex of matter that feeds the

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black hole. They want to understand how this

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magnetic field extracts energy and

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launches powerful jets of particles, a, uh,

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phenomenon we see in more active

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supermassive black holes across the universe.

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Webb's observations are providing the crucial

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ground truth for those theories.

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Avery: Another win for Webb.

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Okay, from one innovative space mission to

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another. The European Space Agency just

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launched its first, first scout mission.

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Anna, uh, what is Hydro GNNS

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scouting for?

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Anna: As the name suggests, it's scouting for

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water. Hydro GNNSS

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consists of two small twin satellites

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also launched on that same transporter 15

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rideshare flight we mentioned earlier. Their

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goal is to improve our understanding of

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Earth's water cycle.

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Avery: And how are they doing that? What's the

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technology?

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Anna: It's a really clever technique called GNSS

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reflectometry. Essentially, the

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satellites listen for signals from navigation

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systems like GPS and Galileo.

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They compare the signals they receive

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directly from the navigation satellites with

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the signals that have reflected off the

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Earth's surface.

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Avery: Right. And the way those signals change after

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bouncing off the ground tells them something.

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Anna: Exactly. It reveals valuable information

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about key parts of the water cycle, such as

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soil moisture, the freeze, thaw, state of

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the ground, areas of flooding or

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wetlands, and even the amount of

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biomass in forests. These are all

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critical for things like predicting floods,

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planning agriculture, and understanding

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carbon cycles.

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Avery: You mentioned this is a scout mission. What

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does that mean for esa?

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Anna: It's a new approach for them, inspired by the

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new space philosophy. Scout missions

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are designed to be fast, agile and low

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cost. They go from concept to launch in

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just three years with a lean budget,

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complementing their larger, more traditional

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Earth explorer missions. Hydro

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GNSS is the first of this new

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family.

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Avery: That's fantastic. It's great to see agencies

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embracing faster, more innovative development

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cycles.

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Finally, let's bring it back home. NASA's

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Osiris APEX spacecraft recently swung by

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Earth and sent Back some souvenirs.

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Anna: It did. Listeners will remember this

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spacecraft as Osiris Rex, the

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mission that successfully returned a sample

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from the asteroid Bennu. After dropping off

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its precious cargo, it was given a new name,

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Osiris Apexed, and a new target,

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the asteroid Apophis.

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Avery: And to get there, it needed a little help

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from home.

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Anna: That's right. It performed a gravity assist

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flyby of Earth, using our planet's

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gravity to slingshot itself on a new course

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towards Apophis. During this maneuver,

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it flew just over 2,000 miles above the

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surface and took some absolutely stunning

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photos of Earth showing swirling cloud

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patterns over blue oceans.

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Avery: I saw those pictures. They're breathtaking.

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It also got a shot of the moon, didn't it?

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Anna: It did. As it was departing, it captured a

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dramatic image of the Earth and Moon in the

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same frame from about

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370,000 miles away.

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Besides being beautiful, these images

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confirmed that its cameras are working

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perfectly.

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Ahead of its new mission and its.

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Avery: Target, Apophis is a particularly

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interesting asteroid, isn't it?

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Anna: Very. Apophis will have its own

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extremely close encounter with Earth on April

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13, 20, 2029, passing closer

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than many of our satellites. Osiris

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Apex is scheduled to arrive shortly after

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that pass, making it the first mission to

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study how an asteroid is physically altered

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by a planetary encounter. It will orbit

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Apophis for 18 months, mapping it and

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even firing its thrusters to stir up surface

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dust for analysis.

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Avery: It's amazing that they can get so much more

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out of one spacecraft. Why is

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Apophis in particular such a high priority

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target? Is it just about the close flyby,

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or is there something special about the

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asteroid itself?

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Anna: It's m a combination of both. The

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2029 flyby is a once in a millennium

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scientific opportunity to see how Earth's

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gravity can physically alter an asteroid,

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potentially triggering asteroid quakes or

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changing its spin. But Apophis is

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also an S type or stony asteroid,

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which are very common in the inner solar

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system and are the type most likely to pose

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an impact hazardous. By studying its

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composition and structure up close,

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especially after it's been gravitationally

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stressed, we gain invaluable data for

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planetary defense models. It's a perfect

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natural laboratory, an incredible.

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Avery: Second act for a history making spacecraft.

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Well, that's all the time we have for today.

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From private telescopes and damaged launch

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pads, to black hole flares and Earth scouting

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satellites, it's been another busy day in

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space.

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Anna: It certainly has. Thanks for tuning in to

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Astronomy Daily. Be sure to subscribe

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wherever you get your podcasts so you don't

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miss an episode.

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Avery: Until next time. I'm Avery.

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Anna: And I'm Anna. Keep looking up.

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Avery: Stories.

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We told.