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Avery: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the podcast that

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brings you the biggest news from across the

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cosmos. I'm Avery.

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Anna: And I'm Anna. We have a fascinating

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show for you today. We'll be looking at our

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mysterious interstellar object friend

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that's prompting secret space drills.

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Avery: We're also celebrating the 30th anniversary

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of a legendary solar observatory. And

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diving into how AI is

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revolutionizing spacecraft propulsion.

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Anna: Plus a hypersonic space gun.

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Preview of one of the best meteor showers of

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the year. And we'll solve a decades old

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mystery from Voyager 2's journey to

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Uranus.

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Avery: Anna.

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Uh, let's start with something that has the

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astronomical community buzzing. The

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interstellar object known as 3i

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Atlas is back in the spotlight.

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Anna: It certainly is, Avery. This object,

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which came from outside our solar system,

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is exhibiting some very strange behavior.

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Scientists have noted what they call non

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gravitational acceleration.

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Avery: Meaning it's changing speed in a way that

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can't be explained by the pull of the sun or

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planets.

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Anna: Exactly. And it's not outgassing like

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a typical comet. Instead, it seems to

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have these strange focused jets

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pointing away from the sun, forming an

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anti tail. It's a real puzzle.

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Avery: And this puzzle is getting some serious

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attention. There have been a series of

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coordinated but very quiet space defense

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drills involving the ESA,

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Japan, the U.S. australia and

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several other nations.

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Anna: That's right. The official line is that they

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are standard preparedness exercises. Uh,

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but the timing is conspicuous, especially

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with 3i atlas. Closest approach to

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Earth happening on December 19th.

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Avery: It adds a layer of intrigue, especially

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when you consider some of the more out there

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theories.

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Anna: You're thinking of Avi Loeb's hypothesis.

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Avery: I am. He suggested that 3i

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Atlas might not be a single object, but

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a primary craft accompanied by a

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swarm of smaller probes. Now that is

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pure speculation, of course.

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Anna: Pure speculation. But it highlights

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just how little we understand about this

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visitor. Whatever its nature, its

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strange dynamics and the heightened military

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interest mean that countless telescopes

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will be tracking it very, very closely

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in the coming weeks.

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Avery: Well, from a mysterious newcomer to a

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celebrated veteran, our next story is

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about a truly remarkable achievement.

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Happy 30th anniversary to the

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Solar and Heliospheric Observatory,

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or SOHO.

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Anna: An incredible milestone. When SOHO

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launched, its primary mission was scheduled

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to last just two years. Thirty years

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later, it's still providing invaluable data

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about our star.

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Avery: It really is the definition of resilience.

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It survived multiple technical crises

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that nearly ended the mission. Yet the team

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on the ground always found a way to bring it

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back online.

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Anna: Right. And its contributions have been

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monumental. SoHo completely

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revolutionized solar science and our

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understanding of space weather. The images

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and data it provides are the foundation

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of modern solar forecasting, which is

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critical for protecting our satellites and

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power grids.

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Avery: Absolutely. But it has another

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completely unexpected legacy, doesn't it?

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For a satellite designed to look at the sun,

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it's found an incredible number of comets.

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Anna: It's the most prolific comet hunter in

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history, and it's not even close to.

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Avery: Is it a case of being in the right place at

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the right time, or is there another reason

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why it's so prolific?

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Anna: It's because of its wide, uninterrupted view

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of the Sun's corona. It spots so called

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sun grazing comets that are otherwise

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invisible to us. As of this year, the

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official count is over 5000

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comets discovered by SOHO.

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Avery: That's just amazing. 5000

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comets as a side project. SOHO is

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a true workhorse of space exploration and a

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testament to brilliant engineering.

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Anna: Speaking of brilliant engineering, our next

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story looks at the future of getting around

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the solar system. Avery

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artificial intelligence is starting to

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fundamentally change how we design and

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operate spacecraft propulsion systems.

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Avery: This is fascinating stuff. It's not just

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about AI pilots like in the movies. This

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is about AI making the engines themselves

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smarter and more efficient.

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Anna: That's the core of it. Researchers are using

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a technique called reinforcement learning,

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where an AI runs millions of simulations

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to discover, uh, the most efficient ways to

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operate an engine, often finding solutions

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that a human engineer might never think of.

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Avery: So what kind of advanced systems are

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benefiting from this?

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Anna: We're seeing it applied to next generation

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concepts like nuclear thermal propulsion,

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both fission and the more complex fusion

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based designs. These engines are

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incredibly powerful, but also incredibly

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complex to manage.

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Avery: So just what can AI help with? A lot. I would

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imagine.

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Anna: AI can optimize the fuel flow,

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temperature and thrust in real time.

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It's also being used to tackle one of the

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biggest challenges in fusion research,

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managing the superheated plasma.

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In concepts like the polywell, a compact

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fusion device, AI is learning how to best

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configure the magnetic fields to confine the

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plasma, which is a massive step forward.

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Avery: So AI is becoming a design partner.

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It's not just running the machine, it's

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helping to perfect the machine's very

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operation. This could be the key to unlocking

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faster, more efficient travel across the

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solar system.

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Anna: We'll keep an eye on this and report back on

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any developments. But. But it sounds

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exciting.

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Avery: From the digital frontier of AI, we go

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to something that sounds decidedly more

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analog. Anna. Uh, what is a

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hypersonic space gun?

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Anna: It sounds like something out of Jules Verne

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novel, doesn't it. But it's a very real

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concept being developed by a company called

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Longshot Space Technologies. They are

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building a kinetic space launch system.

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In simple terms, it's a massive grid gun

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designed to fire payloads directly into

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orbit.

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Avery: You're kidding. How does that even work?

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Anna: The system uses a huge piston, uh, driven

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by compressed gas to launch a

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projectile at incredible speeds. We're

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talking Mach 23, or about

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28,400 kilometers per

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hour. The projectile would carry a small

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hardened satellite or other cargo.

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Avery: I can't even imagine the forces

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involved. The heat and the acceleration must

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be astronomical.

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Anna: They are. That's the biggest challenge. The

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payload would experience about 10,000

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GS of acceleration and intense

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atmospheric heating. So this isn't

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for launching astronauts or delicate

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telescopes?

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Avery: Definitely not. So it's for hardened

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cargo only.

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Anna: Exactly. Things like fuel, water,

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building materials, or ruggedized military

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satellites. But here's the payoff.

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Longshot believes they can get the cost of

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launching a kilogram of Cargo to just

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$10.

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Avery: $10? That's compared to thousands of

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dollars per kilogram on a traditional rocket.

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That's a complete game changer for space

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logistics.

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Anna: It is, and that's why it's attracting

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serious interest from both venture capital

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and military agencies. If they

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engineering challenges, this space gun

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could revolutionize how we supply future

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operations in orbit and beyond.

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Avery: All right, let's bring our focus back to our

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own night sky. For all our stargazing

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listeners out there, one of the best

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celestial shows of the year is just around

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the corner.

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Anna: That's right. The Gemini meteor shower is set

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to peak on the night of December 13th into

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the morning of the 14th. And this year,

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the conditions are just about perfect.

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Avery: What makes this year so good?

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Anna: The moon. It will be a waning crescent,

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which means it won't rise until the early

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hours of the morning. And its light won't

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wash out the fainter meteors. We'll have

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beautifully dark skies for most of the night.

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Avery: Fantastic. So what can people expect to

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see?

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Anna: Under ideal conditions, you could see between

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120 and 150 meteors

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per hour at the peak. The radiant, the

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point they appear to come from is near the

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the star Castor in the constellation

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Gemini.

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Avery: And Geminites are known for being a bit

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slower.

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Anna: Right.

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Avery: It makes them easier to spot.

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Anna: Yes. They enter the atmosphere at about

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22 miles per second. That

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sounds fast. But it's slower than many other

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showers, which can lead to longer, more

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graceful streaks across the sky. They are

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also often brightly colored, and.

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Avery: Um, they have a really interesting origin.

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Anna: They do. Unlike Most meteor showers,

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which come from the debris trail of a comet.

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The Geminids originate from an asteroid

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called 3200 Phaethon. It's a

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bit of a mystery how this rocky body produces

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so much debris.

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Avery: So what are your tips for viewers?

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Anna: Find a location away from city lights,

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dress warmly, lie back on a blanket

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or a chair and just look up. You

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don't need a telescope or binoculars.

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Just give your eyes about 20 minutes to fully

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adapt to the dark and enjoy the show.

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And for our final story today, we are

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revisiting a cold case from the outer solar

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system and solving a mystery that's nearly

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four decades old.

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Avery: This has to be about Voyager 2's flyby of

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Uranus in 1986. I remember

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reading that it found something unexpected in

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the planet's radiation belts.

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Anna: That's the 1. Voyager 2 detected an

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incredibly intense belt of high energy

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electron radiation, far more powerful

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than models had predicted. For decades,

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scientists couldn't quite explain why it was

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so strong.

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Avery: And after all this time, there's a new

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explanation.

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Anna: There is? A team at the Southwest Research

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Institute revisited the old Voyager data.

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They proposed the intense radiation wasn't

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caused by Uranus alone. Instead,

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it was a case of being in the right place at

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the right time.

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Avery: So what was happening?

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Anna: The team believes a huge structure in the

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solar wind called a uh CO rotating

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interaction region was passing through the

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Uranian system just as Voyager 2

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flew by.

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Avery: A uh co rotating what now?

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Anna: Think of it as a massive shockwave in the

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solar wind where fast moving solar particles

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overtake slower ones. This interaction

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creates powerful high frequency plasma waves

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like Whistler waves. These waves were the

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perfect frequency to grab electrons already

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trapped in Uranus's magnetic field and

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accelerate them to incredible speeds,

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creating that intense radiation belt Voyager

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saw. We see similar events happen near

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Earth, but this is the first time we've

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confirmed it happening so far out in the

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solar system.

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Avery: So it was a temporary storm caused by the

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sun that Voyager just happened to fly

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through. That is a brilliant piece of cosmic

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detective work.

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Anna: You betcha.

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Avery: And that's a wrap. From mysterious

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interstellar visitors and hypersonic cannons

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to celebrating a 30 year old hero of

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astronomy. And finally solving a cold

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case from Uranus. What an episode it really

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was.

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Anna: That's all the time we have for today on

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Astronomy Daily. We'd like to thank you all

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for tuning in.

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Avery: Join us next time as we continue to explore

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the wonders of the universe. Until then,

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clear skies everyone. And remember to get out

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there and look up.

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Anna: Mhm.

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The stories.

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Were told.