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Anna: Hello and welcome to Astronomy daily. Give us

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10 minutes and we'll give you the universe.

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I'm Anna and with me as always, is my co

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host, Avery. Hey Avery. It's January

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5th, 2026. Hope everyone's having a

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fantastic start to the year. We've already

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seen some exciting launches and sky events

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kicking off and I'm pumped for what's ahead.

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Avery: Hi Anna. And a big hello to all our listeners

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out there exploring the cosmos with us.

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Absolutely. 2026 is buzzing right from the

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get go. Today we've lined up 6 int

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storeys from cutting edge tech for satellites

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hugging Earth closer than ever before to a

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mission finally orbiting the scorched world

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of Mercury black holes confirming

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Einstein's wild predictions, a speedy

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SpaceX launch, NASA's clever waiting game for

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Mars probes and the sharpest X ray peak

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yet at a spinning black hole beast. We'll

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dive deep, discuss the science and share our

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thoughts.

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Let's jump in.

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Anna: First storey of the day is all about pushing

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the boundaries of satellite orbits. We're

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talking about very low Earth orbit or

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VLEO satellites which zip around at

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altitudes between 100 and 400

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kilometres above Earth. That's a lot

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closer than the usual low Earth orbit stuff,

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which can go up to 2000 kilometres.

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Avery, why go so low? And what makes this

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the next frontier?

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Avery: Great question, Ana. Uh, the advantages are

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pretty compelling at these lower heights,

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satellites can capture much sharper images

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for Earth observation. Imagine super

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detailed views that ah, boost agriculture by

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spotting crop health issues early, enhance

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climate monitoring with precise data on

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deforestation or ice melt, aid

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in disaster response like tracking wildfires

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or floods in real time, and even support

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military reconnaissance with crystal clear

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intel. On the communications side, the lower

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altitude means red signal latency. Think

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faster Internet and more responsive networks.

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Weather forecasting gets an upgrade too, with

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better resolution on cloud formations and

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atmospheric layers.

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Anna: Sounds revolutionary, but I bet there are

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challenges. The atmosphere doesn't just

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vanish at 100 kilometres. There's still

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enough air to cause serious drag, right?

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Satellites could spiral down and burn up in

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mere days without some kind of constant

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boost.

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Avery: Spot on. Atmospheric drag is the big

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hurdle. Along with corrosion from atomic

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oxygen. That's highly reactive stuff that

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eats away at materials and intense heating

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from friction, pushing temperatures beyond

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1500 degrees Celsius. To combat

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this, engineers are developing innovative

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propulsion systems like air breathing

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electric thrusters. These scoop up sparse

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atmospheric molecules and ionise them for

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thrust. For example, researchers at Penn

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State are experimenting with microwave plasma

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technology, while darpa' OTTER programme,

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partnered with Redwire is testing similar

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concepts. It's like giving satellites a way

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to breathe the air they're flying through.

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Anna: And with orbits like LEO getting increasingly

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congested, starLink has over 6,000

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satellites alone, plus competitors.

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VLEO could open up new real estate in

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space, reducing collision risks up higher.

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Investments are skyrocketing, with

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projections in the hundreds of billions over

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the coming decade. Right now it's mostly

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prototypes and demos, but Earth,

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Observant and Albedo are leading the charge.

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This could really change how we monitor our

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planet and connect globally.

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Avery: No doubt. It's exciting to think about the

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applications. Closer orbits mean better data

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and who knows what breakthrough that'll lead

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to in environmental science or urban

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planning.

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Anna: Moving on to our second storey. After a

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long journey, the BepiColombo mission is

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poised to enter orbit around Mercury later

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this year in the second half of 2026.

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This is a collaborative effort between the

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European Space Agenc and

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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.

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Launched way back in October 2018,

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it features two ESA's

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Mercury Planetary Orbiter, focused on the

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planet's surface composition and interior

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structure, and JAXA's Meo, which will study

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the magnetic field, magnetosphere and

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thin exosphere.

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Avery: Mercury is one of the trickiest planets to

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reach because of its proximity to the sun.

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The gravity pull is immense, so you need a

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lot of energy to slow down and get captured

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into orbit. BepiColombo has been using

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a series of gravity assist flybys

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Earth once, Venus twice and

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Mercury itself six times, to bleed

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off speed without guzzling fuel. The

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planet's extreme environment adds to the

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challenge. Surface temperature swings from

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negative 173 degrees

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Celsius at night to 427

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degrees Celsius during the day. It has an

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eccentric orbit, a um, massive iron

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core making up 60% of its mass,

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and a surprisingly active magnetic

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field, despite its small size.

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Anna: Once in orbit, it'll provide groundbreaking

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data, like the first ever X ray fluorescence

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maps of another planet's surface. That'll

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reveal elemental compositions, things like

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magnesium, aluminium, silicon in

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unprecedented detail, helping us understand

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Mercury's volcanic history and crustal

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evolution. We'll also get better insights

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into its tenuous atmosphere and how solar

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wind interacts with the magnetosphere.

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Avery: Comparing this to data from Earth, Mars

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and the Moon will refine our models of inner

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solar system planet formation. The

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instruments are state of the art, but after

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eight years in space, the teams will be

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holding their breath during activation. If

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all goes well, it'll operate for at least a

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year with possible extensions.

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Anna: I'm eager for those close up views and what

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they tell us about the sun's closest

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companion. It's been a patient wait, but

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science like this is worth it.

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Avery: Absolutely.

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Now for something that bends the mind and

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spacetime itself. Astronomers have

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caught a black hole in the act of twisting

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the fabric of reality, exactly as

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Albert Einstein predicted back in 1918

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with his general theory of relativity. This

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is the lens theoring effect, also

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known as frame dragging, where a spinning

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massive object warps spacetime around

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it.

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Anna: The observation comes from a tidal disruption

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event dubbed at

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2020afhd, where a

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supermassive black hole shredded a passing

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star, creating a swirling accretion

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disc of hot gas and launching powerful

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jets. Using X ray data from NASA's

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Neil Gerald Swift Observatory and radio

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observations from the Very Large Array in New

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Mexico, the team detected the disc and one

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jet precessing or wobbling in unison

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every 20 days. That wobble is the

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direct result of the black hole's spin

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dragging spacetime Like.

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Avery: A vortex, these events are rare.

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Tidal disruptions happen maybe once in every

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10,000 to 100,000 years per

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galaxy. And catching the repeating signals

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needed for this measurement is even tougher.

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It not only confirms general relativity in

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one of the most extreme environments, but

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also gives us a new tool

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precisely measure black hole spins.

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Understanding spin helps explain how these

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monsters power jets that can stretch across

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galaxies and influence star formation.

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Anna: It's incredible Einstein's equations

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scribbled over a century ago still hold up

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under scrutiny from modern telescopes. This

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could lead to more detections as we get

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better at spotting these quasi periodic

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eruptions.

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Avery: Onto launches. SpaceX is keeping the

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momentum from 2025. Just yesterday,

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on January4, at 1:48am

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Eastern Time, they sent up a fresh Falcon

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9 from Space Launch Complex 40 at

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Cape Canaveral Space Force Station for the

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Starlink Group 688 mission.

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Anna: The rocket carried 29 Next Gen

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Starlink satellites into low Earth orbit,

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deploying them successfully about an hour

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after liftoff. This was the debut for

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booster B1081, which

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nailed its landing on the drone ship. Just

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read the instructions in the Atlantic. These

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satellites are part of the expanding

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constellation aimed at global broadband

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coverage. With improvements in speed and

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coverage, this.

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Avery: Marks SpaceX's second launch of

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2026, already following closely

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after their first one earlier in the week.

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With over 165 launches last

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year, they're on track to beat that record.

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The reliability of Falcon 9 continues to

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impress, enabling more frequent and efficient

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affordable access to space.

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Anna: Indeed, it's democratising orbit in ways we

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couldn't imagine a decade ago.

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Avery: Our fifth storey involves a bit of cosmic

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patience NASA's Escapade mission to

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Mars the twin probes named

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Blue and Gold for escape and plasma

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acceleration and dynamics explorers

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blasted off aboard AH Blue Origin's New Glenn

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Rocket in November 2025.

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Anna: Their goal is to investigate how the solar

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wind erodes Mars atmosphere, a process

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that's stripped away much of the planet's air

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over 4 billion years, turning it from

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potentially habitable to the barren world we

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see today. By measuring plasma flows,

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magnetic fields, and ion escape rates from

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two vantage points, they'll provide a, uh, 3D

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view of this interaction.

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Avery: But here's the twist they're not rushing

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straight to Mars due to planetary alignment

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at launch. They're spending about year in a

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halo orbit around Earth's Lagrange point 2,

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roughly a million miles away on the far side

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from the Sun. This stable kidney bean

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shaped path conserves fuel while waiting for

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the optimal window.

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Anna: In fall 2026, they'll ignite their

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thrusters for a trajectory adjustment, using

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Earth's gravity for a slingshot to Mars.

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Arriving in September 2027,

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science operations kick off shortly after

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Lasting at least a year, the dual probe

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setup adds redundancy if one fails, the

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other can still deliver key data.

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Avery: This flexible design expands launch

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opportunities beyond the every 26 months home

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and transfer windows, making Mars missions

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more feasible. It's a smart blend of orbital

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mechanics and engineering.

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Anna: Patience in space pays dividends.

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Reminds me of how Voyager probes are still

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going strong after decades.

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Avery: Last but not least, the X ray Imaging and

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Spectroscopy mission, or

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xrism, has given us the

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clearest X ray spectrum yet of a fast

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spinning supermassive black hole in The

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Active Galaxy MCG

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630 15,

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located 121 million light years

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away in the constellation Aquarius.

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Anna: This black hole, weighing in at about

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2 million solar masses, is accreting

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material at a furious pace.

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Xrism's Resolve spectrometer

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captured a broad asymmetric iron

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K alpha emission line distorted by

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relativistic effects near the event

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horizon, where gas orbits at nearly

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light speed. By combining this with

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archival data from M, ESA's XMM

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Newton and NASA's NuSTAR,

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astronomers dissected the spectrum into

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components from the inner accretion disc and

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outer regions.

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Avery: They identified five distinct zones in an

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outflowing wind plus a hot corona

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above the disc. Remarkably, the

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reflection signal from gas perilously close

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to the black hole is 50 times brighter than

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from distant material, confirming the

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hole's high spin rate, likely close to the

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maximum allowed by physics. This spin

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influences how efficiently black holes

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accrete mass and eject jets.

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Anna: These insights help unravel how

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supermassive black holes co evolve with

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their host galaxies, whether through steady

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accretion or violent girders.

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Xrism M A uh, JAXA

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NASA collaboration with ESA input

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is setting new standards in high energy

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astrophysics with its micro

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calorimeter technology.

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Avery: It's transforming our view of the hot and

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energetic universe one spectrum at a time.

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Anna: Wow, what an episode packed with

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innovation, discovery and cosmic

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wonders. From Vleosat's

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redefining Earth Observation to

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Xrism's black hole revelations,

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it's a thrilling time to be following Space

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News.

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Avery: Couldn't agree more. Thanks for tuning in to

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Astronomy Daily. We love sharing these

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storeys with you. If you're enjoying the

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show, please subscribe, leave a review or

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tell a friend. It helps us grow and reach

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more stargazers.

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Anna: We'll catch you tomorrow with the latest

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updates. Until then, keep wondering about the

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universe.

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Avery: Clear skies everyone.