WEBVTT 0 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.645 Stuart Gary: This is space time series 29 episode 1 00:00:02.755 --> 00:00:05.184 120 full broadcast on 7 2 00:00:05.322 --> 00:00:08.040 October 2026 coming up on 3 00:00:08.040 --> 00:00:10.800 Space Time, NASA adds new science 4 00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:13.680 investigations for its moon base. New 5 00:00:13.680 --> 00:00:15.640 secrets revealed about the Martian north 6 00:00:15.640 --> 00:00:18.520 pole. And NASA and Boeing provide 7 00:00:18.520 --> 00:00:21.040 an update on um, their troubled starliner 8 00:00:21.040 --> 00:00:24.000 spacecraft. All that and more coming up 9 00:00:24.080 --> 00:00:25.280 on uh, Space Time. 10 00:00:26.640 --> 00:00:29.440 Welcome to Space Time with Stuart 11 00:00:29.440 --> 00:00:29.760 G. 12 00:00:45.980 --> 00:00:48.620 NASA's added payload suites for three new 13 00:00:48.620 --> 00:00:51.340 lunar scientific investigations as part of 14 00:00:51.340 --> 00:00:53.700 efforts paving the way for humanity's first 15 00:00:53.700 --> 00:00:56.460 moon base. NASA and allied space 16 00:00:56.460 --> 00:00:58.540 agencies are developing plans to return 17 00:00:58.620 --> 00:01:01.140 humans to the lunar surface and establish a 18 00:01:01.140 --> 00:01:03.300 permanent base on the Moon's south pole under 19 00:01:03.300 --> 00:01:05.520 the Artemis Artemis programme as part of 20 00:01:05.520 --> 00:01:08.040 efforts to eventually land humans on Mars. 21 00:01:08.600 --> 00:01:10.480 The new payloads will help researchers 22 00:01:10.480 --> 00:01:13.120 understand lunar resources, better map 23 00:01:13.120 --> 00:01:15.480 natural shelters on the moon and assess 24 00:01:15.480 --> 00:01:18.440 environmental hazards there. The three 25 00:01:18.440 --> 00:01:21.160 payload suites include a lunar South Pole 26 00:01:21.160 --> 00:01:23.680 Environment Monitoring Station. It will 27 00:01:23.680 --> 00:01:25.880 provide long term environmental and hazard 28 00:01:25.880 --> 00:01:28.520 monitoring, recording micrometeoroid impacts 29 00:01:28.600 --> 00:01:30.720 and tracking the abundance of volatiles, 30 00:01:30.720 --> 00:01:32.840 materials that can easily shift into gas 31 00:01:33.130 --> 00:01:35.610 which drift into the Moon's thin atmospheric 32 00:01:35.610 --> 00:01:38.570 layer called an exosphere. The technology 33 00:01:38.810 --> 00:01:41.370 includes a short period seismometer to detect 34 00:01:41.370 --> 00:01:43.530 seismic events, providing crucial hazard 35 00:01:43.530 --> 00:01:45.730 assessment in order to ensure the safety of 36 00:01:45.730 --> 00:01:48.490 moon based hardware. Then there's a 37 00:01:48.490 --> 00:01:50.810 geophysical investigation mapping the lunar 38 00:01:50.810 --> 00:01:52.930 interior which will deploy a payload of the 39 00:01:52.930 --> 00:01:55.330 Marius Hill pit on the lunar surface to hunt 40 00:01:55.330 --> 00:01:58.050 for subterranean lava tubes, aiding in 41 00:01:58.050 --> 00:02:00.490 understanding a fundamental lunar volcanic 42 00:02:00.490 --> 00:02:03.220 process. This will scan beneath the 43 00:02:03.220 --> 00:02:05.620 Moon's surface to see whether the Mareus 44 00:02:05.620 --> 00:02:08.580 Hills pit leads to a large underground lava 45 00:02:08.580 --> 00:02:10.980 chamber. If it does, these natural 46 00:02:10.980 --> 00:02:12.780 underground spaces could offer future 47 00:02:12.780 --> 00:02:15.380 astronauts ready made protection from extreme 48 00:02:15.380 --> 00:02:17.820 temperatures and harmful radiation. Important 49 00:02:17.900 --> 00:02:20.660 groundwork for safe long term living on the 50 00:02:20.660 --> 00:02:23.380 moon. Confirming these void spaces now 51 00:02:23.380 --> 00:02:26.220 could shift future habitat planning, offering 52 00:02:26.220 --> 00:02:28.220 natural ready made shelters that provide 53 00:02:28.220 --> 00:02:30.540 crucial thermal stability and shielding from 54 00:02:30.540 --> 00:02:33.100 deadly ionising radiation and the threat of 55 00:02:33.480 --> 00:02:36.360 a meteoroid bombardment. Finally, 56 00:02:36.360 --> 00:02:38.160 there's a spectral depth imager uh, which 57 00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:40.280 will provide the first direct on ground 58 00:02:40.280 --> 00:02:42.720 measurements of ice hidden in lunar cold 59 00:02:42.720 --> 00:02:44.960 traps, laying the groundwork for lunar 60 00:02:44.960 --> 00:02:47.480 resource utilisation and surface operations. 61 00:02:48.200 --> 00:02:50.040 See, water ice could be converted into 62 00:02:50.040 --> 00:02:51.960 drinking water. It could be split into 63 00:02:51.960 --> 00:02:54.480 separate hydrogen and oxygen for rocket fuel. 64 00:02:54.480 --> 00:02:56.360 Or the oxygen could simply be used for 65 00:02:56.360 --> 00:02:59.000 breathing as well as pinpointing where ice 66 00:02:59.000 --> 00:03:01.040 exists and how much of it is there. This 67 00:03:01.040 --> 00:03:03.640 payload will also study how the lunar surface 68 00:03:03.640 --> 00:03:06.380 behaves, how rocket exhausts disturbed the 69 00:03:06.380 --> 00:03:08.820 ground and how stable it is for mobility. 70 00:03:09.380 --> 00:03:12.060 It's all part of NASA's Artemis programme to 71 00:03:12.060 --> 00:03:14.820 return humans to the moon this time to stay. 72 00:03:15.540 --> 00:03:17.700 This report From NASA tv. 73 00:03:18.660 --> 00:03:20.380 This is drawing on the playbook of success 74 00:03:20.380 --> 00:03:21.380 from the 1960s. 75 00:03:21.380 --> 00:03:22.220 NASA TV: We're bringing it back. 76 00:03:22.220 --> 00:03:24.300 Stuart Gary: This is how you do the near impossible. We're 77 00:03:24.300 --> 00:03:26.100 learning and building up to doing something 78 00:03:26.260 --> 00:03:27.460 extremely hard. 79 00:03:28.900 --> 00:03:31.620 Speaker C: A permanent human presence on the moon may 80 00:03:31.620 --> 00:03:33.780 sound like science fiction, but, but it's 81 00:03:33.780 --> 00:03:36.620 already taking shape. The ideas are 82 00:03:36.620 --> 00:03:39.140 becoming hardware, the plans are becoming 83 00:03:39.140 --> 00:03:41.860 missions. The future is happening now. 84 00:03:42.340 --> 00:03:44.980 Stuart Gary: Being able to see moon base elements, 85 00:03:44.980 --> 00:03:47.540 getting to the finish line is just awesome. 86 00:03:47.700 --> 00:03:49.900 Speaker C: We're taking you behind the scenes to show 87 00:03:49.900 --> 00:03:50.340 you how 88 00:03:52.660 --> 00:03:55.220 NASA TV: people are looking up again, believing in big 89 00:03:55.220 --> 00:03:58.180 things again. America is returning 90 00:03:58.180 --> 00:03:58.700 to the moon. 91 00:03:58.700 --> 00:04:01.660 Stuart Gary: To build a moon base, we're going to need to 92 00:04:01.660 --> 00:04:03.040 achieve the near impossible. 93 00:04:10.870 --> 00:04:13.110 Speaker C: NASA is building a moon base, a place where 94 00:04:13.110 --> 00:04:15.510 astronauts will live, work and conduct 95 00:04:15.510 --> 00:04:18.150 science on and around the moon. Now, building 96 00:04:18.150 --> 00:04:21.030 a moon base won't happen all at once. It will 97 00:04:21.030 --> 00:04:23.710 take more than 20 lunar landings during the 98 00:04:23.710 --> 00:04:26.670 first phase, with each mission delivering the 99 00:04:26.670 --> 00:04:29.510 equipment, technology and science needed 100 00:04:29.760 --> 00:04:32.680 to build, learn and improve. We're 101 00:04:32.680 --> 00:04:34.680 travelling across the country to meet the 102 00:04:34.680 --> 00:04:37.200 companies building lunar landers for upcoming 103 00:04:37.200 --> 00:04:39.840 flights and see how they're preparing for 104 00:04:39.840 --> 00:04:41.680 their next missions to the moon. 105 00:04:43.840 --> 00:04:46.240 Just north of Austin, Texas, Firefly 106 00:04:46.240 --> 00:04:49.000 Aerospace is preparing for its second mission 107 00:04:49.000 --> 00:04:52.000 to the moon. NASA's Carlos Garcia Galan is 108 00:04:52.000 --> 00:04:54.120 taking us, uh, inside its headquarters where 109 00:04:54.120 --> 00:04:56.680 engineers are preparing the lunar lander for 110 00:04:56.680 --> 00:04:57.760 its upcoming mission. 111 00:04:58.000 --> 00:05:00.240 Stuart Gary: Love to see the hardware ready for moon base 112 00:05:00.240 --> 00:05:02.900 mission Blue Ghost 2. So tell us a little bit 113 00:05:02.900 --> 00:05:03.060 about 114 00:05:03.060 --> 00:05:03.980 Jonathan Nally: what we're looking at. 115 00:05:04.140 --> 00:05:06.380 Jonathan Nally: Yeah, so what we're looking at right here is, 116 00:05:06.390 --> 00:05:07.780 uh, like you mentioned, our Blue Ghost 117 00:05:07.780 --> 00:05:10.100 Mission two lunar lander. The lander is now 118 00:05:10.100 --> 00:05:11.380 stacked. It's starting to really look like a 119 00:05:11.380 --> 00:05:13.300 lander. And we're getting ready to install 120 00:05:13.300 --> 00:05:15.180 our electronics and all our payloads. Blue 121 00:05:15.180 --> 00:05:17.020 Ghost Mission 2, the lander is going to the 122 00:05:17.020 --> 00:05:18.620 far side of the moon. And that is really 123 00:05:18.620 --> 00:05:20.660 driven by one of the payloads that will sit 124 00:05:20.660 --> 00:05:22.100 on the top deck of the lander. It's called 125 00:05:22.100 --> 00:05:24.420 Lucy Night. So that's a radio astronomy 126 00:05:24.420 --> 00:05:25.900 telescope. So they want to sit on the far 127 00:05:25.900 --> 00:05:28.020 side of the moon, away from all the noise 128 00:05:28.020 --> 00:05:29.860 from Earth. So the moon's kind of blocking 129 00:05:29.860 --> 00:05:31.700 all of that. And they're looking back at the 130 00:05:31.700 --> 00:05:34.200 cosmic dark ages. So that's a very 131 00:05:34.760 --> 00:05:37.640 amazing payload. Yeah. Um, we will also have 132 00:05:37.720 --> 00:05:39.880 another payload that we will have put into 133 00:05:39.880 --> 00:05:41.880 orbit. So it'll be in an orbit around the 134 00:05:41.880 --> 00:05:44.240 moon. So that's Lunar Pathfinder. We have a 135 00:05:44.240 --> 00:05:45.160 rover on board. 136 00:05:45.240 --> 00:05:45.960 Stuart Gary: Super exciting. 137 00:05:45.960 --> 00:05:47.800 Jonathan Nally: Yeah. So that'll be our first mobility 138 00:05:47.800 --> 00:05:50.360 payload that we have. So, um, all of those 139 00:05:50.360 --> 00:05:52.040 are coming along with us. They're each going 140 00:05:52.040 --> 00:05:54.400 to gather science, technology, data and it 141 00:05:54.400 --> 00:05:56.920 can all be used on future missions. A lot of 142 00:05:56.920 --> 00:05:58.400 the people that worked on Mission one are 143 00:05:58.400 --> 00:06:00.280 still here working on Mission two. So we have 144 00:06:00.280 --> 00:06:02.360 all that knowledge still in house. And then 145 00:06:02.360 --> 00:06:03.840 you're implementing all the lessons learned 146 00:06:03.840 --> 00:06:05.440 because we have all that great data from Blue 147 00:06:05.440 --> 00:06:07.040 Ghost Mission one. Um, so it does feel 148 00:06:07.040 --> 00:06:08.440 easier. So it feels like the wheel is 149 00:06:08.440 --> 00:06:10.480 starting to really turn a lot faster. And 150 00:06:10.480 --> 00:06:12.120 then we've got these other moon based awards. 151 00:06:12.120 --> 00:06:13.560 So it's really about can you make it 152 00:06:13.560 --> 00:06:14.750 repeatable, can you produce it? Yeah. 153 00:06:14.750 --> 00:06:16.800 Stuart Gary: Uh, can you be successful several times? Is 154 00:06:16.800 --> 00:06:17.880 the excitement building up? 155 00:06:17.880 --> 00:06:18.279 Jonathan Nally: Oh, yeah. 156 00:06:18.279 --> 00:06:19.600 Stuart Gary: I mean, you're getting pretty close. 157 00:06:19.680 --> 00:06:20.040 Jonathan Nally: Yeah. 158 00:06:20.040 --> 00:06:22.120 I think, um, anytime that you have something 159 00:06:22.120 --> 00:06:23.480 in the clean room where it's like, you look 160 00:06:23.480 --> 00:06:25.360 at it and you know, like, that's my lander 161 00:06:25.360 --> 00:06:27.160 that's going to the moon, it's also humbling. 162 00:06:27.160 --> 00:06:28.760 It's like, hey, we did it one time, but now 163 00:06:28.760 --> 00:06:31.000 we need to do it 2, 3, 4. We need to keep 164 00:06:31.000 --> 00:06:33.080 doing it and keep upping the bar and getting 165 00:06:33.080 --> 00:06:33.880 better each time. 166 00:06:39.000 --> 00:06:41.960 Speaker C: Over on the West Coast, NASA's Ryan Stephan 167 00:06:41.960 --> 00:06:44.440 is at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 168 00:06:44.440 --> 00:06:47.000 California, where Voyager Lunar Systems 169 00:06:47.000 --> 00:06:49.000 Gryphon 1 Lander has arrived for 170 00:06:49.000 --> 00:06:50.120 environmental testing. 171 00:06:50.520 --> 00:06:53.120 Speaker F: This larger lander is an infrastructure class 172 00:06:53.120 --> 00:06:55.720 lander. It's not just meant for scientific 173 00:06:55.720 --> 00:06:58.050 payloads and instrumentation, but also 174 00:06:58.290 --> 00:07:01.170 it's made to basically take equipment 175 00:07:01.250 --> 00:07:04.090 and infrastructure level capability and 176 00:07:04.090 --> 00:07:06.050 deliver that to the lunar surface. It's also 177 00:07:06.050 --> 00:07:08.610 landing in the South Pole where the 178 00:07:08.770 --> 00:07:10.890 terrain is a little bit harsher, it's a 179 00:07:10.890 --> 00:07:12.970 little bit more dangerous to land. It 180 00:07:12.970 --> 00:07:15.210 requires precision navigation, guidance and 181 00:07:15.210 --> 00:07:17.650 control to land in safe locations. 182 00:07:17.890 --> 00:07:20.490 This lander will be taking a total of, uh, 10 183 00:07:20.490 --> 00:07:22.380 payloads, the largest of which, the uh, 184 00:07:22.450 --> 00:07:25.330 Astrolabe Flip rover is the largest 185 00:07:25.490 --> 00:07:27.810 commercial payload to ever be delivered to 186 00:07:27.810 --> 00:07:30.010 the lunar south pole. So we're thousands of 187 00:07:30.010 --> 00:07:31.770 miles away from where you guys assembled the 188 00:07:31.770 --> 00:07:34.050 spacecraft. Why did you decide to bring south 189 00:07:34.050 --> 00:07:35.850 to Southern California? Jet Propulsion 190 00:07:35.850 --> 00:07:38.770 Laboratory has some of the best, most capable 191 00:07:38.850 --> 00:07:40.570 environmental testing facilities in the 192 00:07:40.570 --> 00:07:42.930 world. And for a, uh, lunar lander this size, 193 00:07:43.170 --> 00:07:45.810 really what we want to do is test the 194 00:07:45.810 --> 00:07:48.050 spacecraft, put it through its paces. Right 195 00:07:48.050 --> 00:07:50.790 now, Gryphon is fixtured on top of the mass 196 00:07:50.790 --> 00:07:52.510 properties fixture, which is the black thing 197 00:07:52.510 --> 00:07:54.270 you see in front of it. Basically we are 198 00:07:54.270 --> 00:07:57.230 testing to measure the mass of the 199 00:07:57.230 --> 00:07:59.710 vehicle, the total mass, the centre of 200 00:07:59.710 --> 00:08:01.870 gravity, the moment of inertia, so that we 201 00:08:01.870 --> 00:08:04.590 know the exact configuration of the flight 202 00:08:04.590 --> 00:08:06.550 vehicle when we get back. We will finish 203 00:08:06.630 --> 00:08:08.590 reviewing a lot of the test data that we've 204 00:08:08.590 --> 00:08:10.910 done here, correlating to our models and our 205 00:08:10.910 --> 00:08:13.230 pre test predictions, modifying those based 206 00:08:13.230 --> 00:08:14.910 on the feedback that we've got during this 207 00:08:14.910 --> 00:08:17.360 testing and potentially addressing any 208 00:08:17.360 --> 00:08:19.000 findings on the ground here while we have the 209 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:20.680 chance before we launch later this year. 210 00:08:20.680 --> 00:08:21.520 It'll be exciting. 211 00:08:24.400 --> 00:08:27.160 Speaker C: On the East Coast, NASA's Courtney Abeglin is 212 00:08:27.160 --> 00:08:29.400 at Blue Origin's testing facility in Cape 213 00:08:29.400 --> 00:08:32.200 Canaveral, Florida to see the latest on the 214 00:08:32.200 --> 00:08:34.000 Blue Moon Mark one lander. 215 00:08:34.080 --> 00:08:36.720 Speaker G: Mark one, serial number one is designed to 216 00:08:36.880 --> 00:08:39.800 prove out the core technologies for Blue 217 00:08:39.800 --> 00:08:41.490 Origin that we will eventually apply to the, 218 00:08:41.640 --> 00:08:44.280 the human landing missions of Artemis. So 219 00:08:44.280 --> 00:08:46.200 it's our liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen 220 00:08:46.200 --> 00:08:47.960 systems, it's our precision landing 221 00:08:47.960 --> 00:08:50.240 capabilities, it's also our ability to 222 00:08:50.240 --> 00:08:51.960 offload large amounts of cargo. 223 00:08:52.120 --> 00:08:54.160 Speaker C: I see a lot of people working on this lander. 224 00:08:54.160 --> 00:08:56.360 Speaker G: Can you tell us what uh, is 225 00:08:56.360 --> 00:08:58.600 Speaker C: left for this lander in order to make it fly? 226 00:08:58.600 --> 00:09:00.920 Speaker G: We just completed our thermal vacuum testing 227 00:09:00.920 --> 00:09:03.200 at Johnson Space Centre in January and 228 00:09:03.200 --> 00:09:05.280 February of this year. We then brought the 229 00:09:05.280 --> 00:09:07.720 vehicle back. We did a number of tests. We 230 00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:10.120 first tested our RF compatibility within 231 00:09:10.290 --> 00:09:13.010 TDRS satellite system as well as a deep space 232 00:09:13.010 --> 00:09:15.810 network. We also have tested how 233 00:09:15.810 --> 00:09:18.490 our vehicle reacts during stage separation 234 00:09:18.490 --> 00:09:20.970 from the New Glenn vehicle. We've tested the 235 00:09:20.970 --> 00:09:23.250 acoustic environment and soon we'll be 236 00:09:23.250 --> 00:09:24.930 testing our cryogenic propellant system. 237 00:09:25.170 --> 00:09:27.610 We've just completed our fit checks of our 238 00:09:27.610 --> 00:09:30.050 BE7 main engine, the actual engine that will 239 00:09:30.050 --> 00:09:32.770 fly to the moon. That went perfectly. And so 240 00:09:32.770 --> 00:09:35.130 we're now closing up these tests and we'll be 241 00:09:35.130 --> 00:09:37.570 ready for New Glenn. As you know, we had the 242 00:09:37.570 --> 00:09:40.090 mishap uh, at the pad with uh, New Glenn. The 243 00:09:40.090 --> 00:09:42.570 team there is making phenomenal progress. We 244 00:09:42.570 --> 00:09:45.530 are working to have serial number one ready 245 00:09:45.610 --> 00:09:48.370 and stored in a quiescent state for when New 246 00:09:48.370 --> 00:09:50.490 Glenn is ready. We expect that launch to 247 00:09:50.490 --> 00:09:53.450 occur in Q1 of 2027. And once 248 00:09:53.450 --> 00:09:55.250 that's complete, we'll now continue on to 249 00:09:55.250 --> 00:09:57.410 serial numbers 2, 3 and 4. We're also 250 00:09:57.410 --> 00:09:59.730 carrying NASA payloads, the Scalps payload, 251 00:09:59.730 --> 00:10:02.330 which will allow us to visualise 252 00:10:02.860 --> 00:10:05.740 what the exhaust from our BE7 engine is doing 253 00:10:05.740 --> 00:10:08.020 to the surface of the moon. So that will feed 254 00:10:08.020 --> 00:10:10.540 forward to heavier landers in the future. We 255 00:10:10.540 --> 00:10:12.780 also carry a retroreflector from NASA on this 256 00:10:12.780 --> 00:10:14.980 mission. NASA's been a phenomenal partner to 257 00:10:14.980 --> 00:10:16.700 us. They've been working hand in hand with 258 00:10:16.700 --> 00:10:19.020 us. And uh, that's what's going to allow 259 00:10:19.020 --> 00:10:20.980 these four serial numbers to come off the 260 00:10:20.980 --> 00:10:22.620 assembly line as quickly as they are 261 00:10:25.180 --> 00:10:28.100 Speaker C: in Houston. NASA's Adam Schlesinger 262 00:10:28.100 --> 00:10:30.460 is at Intuitive Machines headquarters getting 263 00:10:30.460 --> 00:10:33.220 an up close look at how the Nova Sealander is 264 00:10:33.220 --> 00:10:35.450 being prepared for its third mission to the 265 00:10:35.450 --> 00:10:35.810 moon. 266 00:10:36.370 --> 00:10:38.890 NASA TV: So this spacecraft is our Nova C. This is our 267 00:10:38.890 --> 00:10:41.330 IM3 vehicle. As you can see up, um, on the 268 00:10:41.330 --> 00:10:44.290 top is the methane tank. The oxygen tank is 269 00:10:44.290 --> 00:10:46.370 below. The engine actually sits right here. 270 00:10:46.370 --> 00:10:48.450 Underneath this is the engine deck. You can 271 00:10:48.450 --> 00:10:50.090 see that we've just put the top deck onto 272 00:10:50.090 --> 00:10:52.090 this spacecraft. So we're excited. Within the 273 00:10:52.090 --> 00:10:53.570 next month we're going to be putting the 274 00:10:53.570 --> 00:10:55.690 engine in and we'll be taking it outside for 275 00:10:55.690 --> 00:10:57.770 a hot fire test to confirm that the engine is 276 00:10:57.770 --> 00:10:58.770 ready to go for launch. 277 00:10:59.090 --> 00:11:00.900 Speaker G: Great. And after that test, what's the path 278 00:11:01.130 --> 00:11:02.410 look like to get to launch? 279 00:11:02.570 --> 00:11:05.130 NASA TV: We bring it back inside here. The payloads 280 00:11:05.130 --> 00:11:07.530 sit on panels that go on the outside of this 281 00:11:07.530 --> 00:11:09.530 spacecraft. So we'll bring those panels in, 282 00:11:09.530 --> 00:11:12.530 we do integrated testing and then we do some 283 00:11:12.530 --> 00:11:14.770 vibration testing, we send it down to the 284 00:11:14.770 --> 00:11:17.169 cape and we uh, get ready for launch. This 285 00:11:17.169 --> 00:11:19.290 vehicle will have five NASA payloads looking 286 00:11:19.290 --> 00:11:21.650 at the magnetic anomaly that's at Reiner 287 00:11:21.650 --> 00:11:24.170 Gamma on the near side of the moon. So it's a 288 00:11:24.170 --> 00:11:26.130 super exciting science mission. We're also 289 00:11:26.130 --> 00:11:28.850 doing other science. So we have six, 290 00:11:29.420 --> 00:11:31.610 uh, commercial payloads, we have a payload 291 00:11:31.610 --> 00:11:34.250 from the Italian Space Agency, and we have 292 00:11:34.250 --> 00:11:36.370 the five NASA payloads doing lots of 293 00:11:36.370 --> 00:11:37.410 different types of science. 294 00:11:37.490 --> 00:11:40.090 Speaker G: And this is the third IM Eclipse delivery. 295 00:11:40.090 --> 00:11:41.770 Can you talk about, uh, some of the lessons 296 00:11:41.770 --> 00:11:43.010 learned from the previous two and how that's 297 00:11:43.010 --> 00:11:43.810 being applied to this one? 298 00:11:43.810 --> 00:11:46.090 NASA TV: Yeah, absolutely. So on IM1, which was in 299 00:11:46.090 --> 00:11:48.810 2024 and IM2, which was in 2025, we learned 300 00:11:48.810 --> 00:11:50.290 lessons. We learned things about this 301 00:11:50.290 --> 00:11:53.140 spacecraft. We learned how it landed and how 302 00:11:53.140 --> 00:11:54.940 we could make it better. And so we're 303 00:11:54.940 --> 00:11:56.940 integrating all of those lessons learned into 304 00:11:56.940 --> 00:11:59.340 this spacecraft and our future spacecraft IM 305 00:11:59.340 --> 00:12:02.180 3, 4, 5 and 6, uh, which are 306 00:12:02.180 --> 00:12:04.620 all on schedule to extend the Moon base 307 00:12:04.620 --> 00:12:05.100 capability. 308 00:12:09.820 --> 00:12:12.020 Speaker C: These lunar landers will soon deliver the 309 00:12:12.020 --> 00:12:13.860 science and technology that will turn the 310 00:12:13.860 --> 00:12:16.700 Moon base into a reality. But there's 311 00:12:16.700 --> 00:12:19.550 even more ahead. The lunar south 312 00:12:19.550 --> 00:12:22.070 pole is one of the harshest environments with 313 00:12:22.070 --> 00:12:23.870 extreme temperatures ranging from 314 00:12:23.870 --> 00:12:26.310 -334 degrees 315 00:12:26.310 --> 00:12:29.070 Fahrenheit to over 130 316 00:12:29.070 --> 00:12:32.070 degrees. This huge swing means the power, 317 00:12:32.150 --> 00:12:34.790 communications and landing systems we build 318 00:12:35.110 --> 00:12:38.070 must withstand both intense cold and 319 00:12:38.070 --> 00:12:40.990 strong heat. This is no small task. So 320 00:12:40.990 --> 00:12:43.470 NASA is teaming up with Northrop Grumman on 321 00:12:43.470 --> 00:12:46.340 three new technology demonstrations that will 322 00:12:46.340 --> 00:12:48.780 be delivered to the Lunar service. Beginning 323 00:12:48.780 --> 00:12:51.420 in phase one. The goal is to 324 00:12:51.420 --> 00:12:54.260 reuse key power, avionics and 325 00:12:54.260 --> 00:12:56.820 communication systems. Originally developed 326 00:12:56.820 --> 00:12:59.180 for the Gateway programme's Halo module, 327 00:12:59.340 --> 00:13:02.220 these test missions will give new purpose to 328 00:13:02.220 --> 00:13:04.620 existing hardware to help build the 329 00:13:04.620 --> 00:13:07.580 infrastructure that Artemis crews and robotic 330 00:13:07.580 --> 00:13:09.990 explorers will depend on. At the movie Moon 331 00:13:09.990 --> 00:13:11.430 Base and in 332 00:13:11.430 --> 00:13:13.750 Stuart Gary: that report from NASA tv, we heard from NASA 333 00:13:13.750 --> 00:13:16.110 Moonbase Project Manager Carlos Garcia 334 00:13:16.110 --> 00:13:18.710 Garlen, Ray Allensworth from Firefly 335 00:13:18.710 --> 00:13:21.350 Aerospace, Nick Newell from Voyager 336 00:13:21.350 --> 00:13:24.190 Lunar Systems, Ryan Stephen from NASA 337 00:13:24.190 --> 00:13:27.110 Moon Base, John Calouras from Blue Origin, 338 00:13:27.110 --> 00:13:29.950 Courtney Adaglin from NASA Moon Base, Trent 339 00:13:29.950 --> 00:13:32.710 Martin from Intuitive Machines, and Adam 340 00:13:32.710 --> 00:13:34.830 Schoessinger from NASA Moon Base. 341 00:13:35.640 --> 00:13:38.600 And this is space time still to 342 00:13:38.600 --> 00:13:41.240 come. New secrets revealed about the Martian 343 00:13:41.240 --> 00:13:43.840 North Pole. And NASA and Boeing provide an 344 00:13:43.840 --> 00:13:45.720 update on, um, their troubled Starliner 345 00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:48.280 spacecraft. All that and more still to come 346 00:13:48.520 --> 00:13:49.720 on, uh, space time. 347 00:13:58.520 --> 00:14:00.680 A new study is found at. The Martian North 348 00:14:00.680 --> 00:14:02.870 Carolina pole is far less dusty than 349 00:14:02.870 --> 00:14:05.510 previously thought. Although Mars may once 350 00:14:05.510 --> 00:14:07.670 have resembled our Earth, the rocky Red 351 00:14:07.670 --> 00:14:10.350 Planet now appears to be far from hospitable. 352 00:14:10.750 --> 00:14:13.030 Still, certain details, such as ice bound 353 00:14:13.030 --> 00:14:16.030 water pique scientists Curiosity. Just 354 00:14:16.030 --> 00:14:18.310 like on Earth, Martian ice contains a 355 00:14:18.310 --> 00:14:20.670 valuable record of past climate that could 356 00:14:20.670 --> 00:14:22.990 say whether the Red Planet hosts or ever has 357 00:14:22.990 --> 00:14:25.990 hosted life. Aside from the poles where the 358 00:14:25.990 --> 00:14:28.830 ice is exposed, most Martian ice is buried 359 00:14:28.830 --> 00:14:31.640 beneath a dusty surface layer. And 360 00:14:31.640 --> 00:14:34.320 dust impacts climate by darkening the ice, 361 00:14:34.320 --> 00:14:36.600 which changes how much sunlight is reflected 362 00:14:36.600 --> 00:14:39.440 back into space. One of the study's 363 00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:42.080 authors, Aditya Kula from the University of 364 00:14:42.080 --> 00:14:44.240 Washington, says astronomers know there's 365 00:14:44.240 --> 00:14:46.400 water ice in the area surrounding the Martian 366 00:14:46.400 --> 00:14:48.520 north pole, but there's been widespread 367 00:14:48.520 --> 00:14:51.160 disagreement on how dusty that ice is. 368 00:14:51.800 --> 00:14:54.200 If it's dustier, uh, the ice will be darker. 369 00:14:54.280 --> 00:14:56.560 And just like a dark T shirt in the sun makes 370 00:14:56.560 --> 00:14:59.280 you feel warmer. Dusty ice gets warmer and, 371 00:14:59.350 --> 00:15:01.430 and vaporises faster. On Mars, 372 00:15:02.710 --> 00:15:04.710 much of what scientists know about how 373 00:15:04.710 --> 00:15:06.830 Earth's climate has evolved through millennia 374 00:15:06.830 --> 00:15:09.750 comes from ice sampling. Scientists drill 375 00:15:09.750 --> 00:15:12.110 deep into the polar ice and draw out long ice 376 00:15:12.110 --> 00:15:14.470 core samples containing a record of the local 377 00:15:14.470 --> 00:15:17.270 atmosphere. Just like tree rings, these 378 00:15:17.270 --> 00:15:19.470 records can be dated to ancient periods of 379 00:15:19.470 --> 00:15:22.310 Earth's history. But this is no easy 380 00:15:22.310 --> 00:15:24.230 task here on Earth. And it's even more 381 00:15:24.230 --> 00:15:27.130 complicated on the red planet, Mars. Back 382 00:15:27.130 --> 00:15:29.970 in 2008, NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander 383 00:15:29.970 --> 00:15:32.050 successfully sampled ice near the Martian 384 00:15:32.050 --> 00:15:34.330 north pole, a major triumph after the 385 00:15:34.330 --> 00:15:36.370 previous Mars Polar Lander mission went 386 00:15:36.370 --> 00:15:39.170 missing near the south pole of Mars in 1999 387 00:15:39.170 --> 00:15:41.570 due to the simple failure of scientists and 388 00:15:41.570 --> 00:15:44.010 engineers to convert Imperial to metric 389 00:15:44.010 --> 00:15:46.890 measurements. In this new study, the authors 390 00:15:46.890 --> 00:15:49.130 used data from that Mars Phoenix Lander 391 00:15:49.130 --> 00:15:50.970 mission combined with observations from 392 00:15:50.970 --> 00:15:53.840 orbiting satellites Several years 393 00:15:53.840 --> 00:15:56.400 ago, Kuhler discovered a discrepancy in the 394 00:15:56.400 --> 00:15:58.440 way researchers were analysing the physical 395 00:15:58.440 --> 00:16:01.240 properties of ice on Mars. The approach 396 00:16:01.320 --> 00:16:03.440 was developed for studying regolith on the 397 00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:06.000 Moon, but when Kohler checked its accuracy on 398 00:16:06.000 --> 00:16:08.840 Earth, the results seemed off. In this 399 00:16:08.840 --> 00:16:10.960 study, the authors redid the calculations 400 00:16:10.960 --> 00:16:13.200 using a different method successfully used to 401 00:16:13.200 --> 00:16:16.120 study snow and ice on Earth. The new results, 402 00:16:16.280 --> 00:16:18.280 reported in the journal Space Exploration, 403 00:16:18.440 --> 00:16:20.840 suggest that the north Pole of Mars is 404 00:16:20.840 --> 00:16:23.200 stacked with layers of dustier ice. Between 405 00:16:23.200 --> 00:16:25.860 slabs of cleaner ice. A dusty 406 00:16:25.860 --> 00:16:28.460 layer of frost forms over the ice every 407 00:16:28.460 --> 00:16:31.340 winter, but then sublimates and disappears in 408 00:16:31.340 --> 00:16:33.780 summer, revealing older, cleaner ice. 409 00:16:34.500 --> 00:16:36.660 Previous estimates suggested that the top 410 00:16:36.660 --> 00:16:38.820 layer of polar ice contained as much as 411 00:16:38.820 --> 00:16:41.820 25% dust biomass, but this study 412 00:16:41.820 --> 00:16:43.780 suggests it's closer to just 3%. 413 00:16:44.500 --> 00:16:46.940 Kuhler says by looking at how brightness 414 00:16:46.940 --> 00:16:49.260 changes over time, the team figured out that 415 00:16:49.260 --> 00:16:51.060 there's got to be a frost which is forming in 416 00:16:51.060 --> 00:16:53.830 the winter and is therefore more dusty, and 417 00:16:53.830 --> 00:16:55.870 then in the Martian summer it goes away, 418 00:16:56.110 --> 00:16:58.510 exposing the cleaner, older ice beneath. 419 00:16:59.070 --> 00:17:01.670 These layers contain key details about the 420 00:17:01.670 --> 00:17:04.230 climate of Mars thousands of years ago, when 421 00:17:04.230 --> 00:17:05.950 the ice is thought to have formed from 422 00:17:05.950 --> 00:17:08.550 snowfall. See, Mars has 423 00:17:08.550 --> 00:17:10.630 experienced massive ice ages that have 424 00:17:10.630 --> 00:17:12.990 deposited shallow ice on roughly a third of 425 00:17:12.990 --> 00:17:15.670 the entire planet. Kuhler points out that our 426 00:17:15.670 --> 00:17:17.870 Earth is stabilised by the gravitational pull 427 00:17:17.870 --> 00:17:20.500 of its moon. On the other hand, Mars, having 428 00:17:20.500 --> 00:17:23.260 only two very small moons, Phobos and Deimos, 429 00:17:23.260 --> 00:17:25.940 oscillates wildly, causing dramatic ice 430 00:17:25.940 --> 00:17:28.340 ages. Kuhler and colleagues previously 431 00:17:28.340 --> 00:17:30.740 suggested that the layers of ice and dust 432 00:17:30.740 --> 00:17:33.060 could create conditions for life on Mars. 433 00:17:33.540 --> 00:17:35.980 You see, the dark layers could help trap 434 00:17:35.980 --> 00:17:38.420 sunlight and form pockets of meltwater within 435 00:17:38.420 --> 00:17:41.100 the ice. And these pockets, enriched with 436 00:17:41.100 --> 00:17:43.100 nutrients from the dust, could potentially 437 00:17:43.100 --> 00:17:45.660 host any bacteria and primitive life forms 438 00:17:45.660 --> 00:17:47.900 living on the Red Planet. You see, similar 439 00:17:47.900 --> 00:17:50.340 pockets of shallow, dusty meltwater found in 440 00:17:50.340 --> 00:17:53.060 ice on Earth are often teeming with life in 441 00:17:53.060 --> 00:17:55.580 the summer. Then in the winter, the liquid 442 00:17:55.580 --> 00:17:58.140 water freezes and the microbes become dormant 443 00:17:58.140 --> 00:18:00.980 until the next summer. The fact that 444 00:18:00.980 --> 00:18:03.140 Mars and Earth both have similar layers of 445 00:18:03.140 --> 00:18:05.700 water, ice and dust is interesting, which 446 00:18:05.700 --> 00:18:08.020 begs the question, why does one planet have 447 00:18:08.020 --> 00:18:09.540 life and the other doesn't? 448 00:18:11.060 --> 00:18:13.820 This is spacetime. Still to 449 00:18:13.820 --> 00:18:16.660 come. NASA and Boeing provide a new update on 450 00:18:16.660 --> 00:18:19.140 the troubled Starliner spacecraft. And later 451 00:18:19.140 --> 00:18:21.700 in the science report, new evidence suggests 452 00:18:21.700 --> 00:18:23.540 there are hidden chambers in the tomb of 453 00:18:23.540 --> 00:18:26.180 Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the 454 00:18:26.180 --> 00:18:28.660 Kings. All that and more still to come 455 00:18:29.140 --> 00:18:30.340 on, um, space time. 456 00:18:46.430 --> 00:18:48.710 NASA has provided a new update on Boeing's 457 00:18:48.710 --> 00:18:51.070 trouble plagued Starliner CST100 458 00:18:51.070 --> 00:18:53.950 spacecraft. The agency supplied a new 459 00:18:53.950 --> 00:18:56.270 launch programme for the mission, including 460 00:18:56.430 --> 00:18:59.070 additional crew flights and certifying a new 461 00:18:59.070 --> 00:19:01.350 rocket for crew transportation to low Earth 462 00:19:01.350 --> 00:19:03.990 orbit. The crisis stricken 463 00:19:03.990 --> 00:19:06.270 Starliner vehicle was meant to complement 464 00:19:06.270 --> 00:19:08.750 SpaceX's Dragon capsules regularly 465 00:19:08.750 --> 00:19:10.890 transporting crew to from the International 466 00:19:11.130 --> 00:19:13.930 Space Station. But unlike Dragon's 467 00:19:13.930 --> 00:19:15.730 smooth entry into the commercial crew 468 00:19:15.730 --> 00:19:18.170 programme, Starliners suffered model 469 00:19:18.170 --> 00:19:20.930 problems during both its unmanned and manned 470 00:19:20.930 --> 00:19:23.290 test flights, including stranding astronauts 471 00:19:23.290 --> 00:19:26.090 on the station for half a year back in 2024 472 00:19:26.090 --> 00:19:29.090 and 2025 after reliability concerns 473 00:19:29.090 --> 00:19:31.490 peaked following spacecraft engine failures 474 00:19:31.490 --> 00:19:34.450 and persistent helium leaks. The 475 00:19:34.450 --> 00:19:36.650 initial return to flight status plans called 476 00:19:36.650 --> 00:19:39.170 for just four manned Starliner missions for 477 00:19:39.170 --> 00:19:41.880 NASA. Now an additional two manned 478 00:19:41.880 --> 00:19:44.040 missions have been slated to transport crew 479 00:19:44.040 --> 00:19:46.520 to the space station, and NASA is also 480 00:19:46.520 --> 00:19:48.480 working to have the United Launch Alliance's 481 00:19:48.480 --> 00:19:50.560 new Vulcan rocket certified for manned 482 00:19:50.560 --> 00:19:53.160 spaceflight after the existing Atlas V 483 00:19:53.160 --> 00:19:55.760 rockets phased out. The new programme 484 00:19:55.839 --> 00:19:58.240 calls for another unmanned Starliner 1 485 00:19:58.240 --> 00:20:00.200 mission to the space station in order to 486 00:20:00.200 --> 00:20:02.040 validate fixes which have now been made to 487 00:20:02.040 --> 00:20:04.480 the spacecraft and to gather more flight data 488 00:20:05.120 --> 00:20:07.240 from there. NASA and Boeing will use what 489 00:20:07.240 --> 00:20:09.160 they've learned to continue implementing any 490 00:20:09.160 --> 00:20:11.320 corrective actions identified and complete 491 00:20:11.320 --> 00:20:13.340 the test, testing and certification required 492 00:20:13.340 --> 00:20:16.040 for manned spaceflight. Then there will be a 493 00:20:16.040 --> 00:20:18.860 ah return to crew missions on Starliner 2 by 494 00:20:18.860 --> 00:20:21.860 2028. Back in February, 495 00:20:21.860 --> 00:20:24.100 NASA released the findings from the agency's 496 00:20:24.100 --> 00:20:26.860 inquiry into Starliner's ongoing problems. 497 00:20:27.260 --> 00:20:29.700 They eventually made no less than 61 498 00:20:29.700 --> 00:20:32.140 recommendations needed to meet the standards 499 00:20:32.140 --> 00:20:34.260 required for future human spaceflight 500 00:20:34.260 --> 00:20:37.260 missions. That report specifically identified 501 00:20:37.260 --> 00:20:39.540 issues with Starliner service module's 502 00:20:39.540 --> 00:20:41.220 reaction control thrusters which were 503 00:20:41.220 --> 00:20:43.500 operating outside their engineering qualific 504 00:20:44.280 --> 00:20:46.120 and that resulted in the loss of control 505 00:20:46.360 --> 00:20:48.800 experienced during the Starliner crew flight 506 00:20:48.800 --> 00:20:51.280 test mission. Through significant ground 507 00:20:51.280 --> 00:20:53.680 testing and analysis, NASA and Boeing have 508 00:20:53.680 --> 00:20:55.280 learned that the service module thruster 509 00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:56.960 performance issues resulted from a 510 00:20:56.960 --> 00:20:59.360 combination of factors including the thermal 511 00:20:59.360 --> 00:21:01.840 environment as well as features inherent to 512 00:21:01.840 --> 00:21:04.800 the design itself. Based on these findings, 513 00:21:04.800 --> 00:21:07.120 Boeing has now made thermal modifications to 514 00:21:07.120 --> 00:21:09.360 the spacecraft service module, which NASA 515 00:21:09.360 --> 00:21:11.400 will now uh evaluate for improved performance 516 00:21:11.560 --> 00:21:14.460 on the Starliner 1 test mission. NASA 517 00:21:14.460 --> 00:21:16.460 and Boeing have also decided to implement an 518 00:21:16.460 --> 00:21:18.820 additional thruster valve design modification 519 00:21:18.900 --> 00:21:21.340 in support of the spacecraft certification 520 00:21:21.340 --> 00:21:24.300 for future crewed flight. Right now, the 521 00:21:24.300 --> 00:21:26.460 unmanned Starliner 1 mission has the 522 00:21:26.460 --> 00:21:28.660 potential to fly as soon as December this 523 00:21:28.660 --> 00:21:30.660 year, although January next year is more 524 00:21:30.660 --> 00:21:33.220 likely. That will serve as an engineering 525 00:21:33.220 --> 00:21:36.140 evaluation mission to verify improved thermal 526 00:21:36.140 --> 00:21:38.180 environments, obtain necessary performance 527 00:21:38.340 --> 00:21:40.980 data for system qualifications and identify 528 00:21:40.980 --> 00:21:43.700 residual risks ahead of any manned missions. 529 00:21:44.570 --> 00:21:46.370 Following the flight, NASA and Boeing will 530 00:21:46.370 --> 00:21:48.330 complete the service module thruster valve 531 00:21:48.330 --> 00:21:50.770 design modifications addressing poppet seal 532 00:21:50.770 --> 00:21:53.370 extrusion and its adverse effects on thruster 533 00:21:53.370 --> 00:21:56.170 performance. Boeing will also implement other 534 00:21:56.170 --> 00:21:58.330 improvements across the spacecraft, including 535 00:21:58.330 --> 00:22:00.370 the installation of new crew module 536 00:22:00.370 --> 00:22:03.010 thrusters, new batteries and modifications to 537 00:22:03.010 --> 00:22:05.050 the parachute system for improved performance 538 00:22:05.050 --> 00:22:07.930 and reliability. Modifications already 539 00:22:07.930 --> 00:22:10.250 made to the design include removing the 540 00:22:10.250 --> 00:22:12.730 entire wiring harness, which is fitted with 541 00:22:12.730 --> 00:22:15.050 insulation that was prone to catch fire. 542 00:22:15.860 --> 00:22:18.340 Clearly, Starliner hasn't been good for 543 00:22:18.340 --> 00:22:21.260 Boeing's quality control. This is 544 00:22:21.260 --> 00:22:21.940 space, time. 545 00:22:37.620 --> 00:22:39.780 And time now to take another brief look at 546 00:22:39.780 --> 00:22:41.260 some of the other stories making news in 547 00:22:41.260 --> 00:22:43.360 Science this week with a Science report. 548 00:22:44.160 --> 00:22:46.640 A new study has warned that every 10% 549 00:22:46.640 --> 00:22:49.280 increase in emergency room occupancy levels 550 00:22:49.280 --> 00:22:51.920 leads to a 1% increase in death rates. 551 00:22:52.240 --> 00:22:54.400 The findings, reported to the European 552 00:22:54.400 --> 00:22:56.680 Emergency Medical Congress, looked into data 553 00:22:56.680 --> 00:22:59.480 on over 19,000 patients treated at 554 00:22:59.480 --> 00:23:01.920 134ers across the UK 555 00:23:02.160 --> 00:23:04.360 and compared the number of patient deaths 556 00:23:04.360 --> 00:23:06.840 within 28 days of being treated against how 557 00:23:06.840 --> 00:23:08.920 many patients were being seen on the same 558 00:23:08.920 --> 00:23:11.740 day. The study clearly showed that 559 00:23:11.740 --> 00:23:14.340 on average, emergency rooms were operating at 560 00:23:14.340 --> 00:23:17.180 175% occupancy, and when 561 00:23:17.180 --> 00:23:19.340 overcrowding started to push patients into 562 00:23:19.340 --> 00:23:21.500 being seen in corridors, there was also an 563 00:23:21.500 --> 00:23:23.900 increased risk of dying, which was in line 564 00:23:23.900 --> 00:23:26.300 with the risk associated with the occupancy 565 00:23:26.300 --> 00:23:29.300 rates. And these problems aren't unique 566 00:23:29.300 --> 00:23:32.100 to British emergency rooms. We find 567 00:23:32.100 --> 00:23:34.540 exactly the same overcrowding and ramping 568 00:23:34.540 --> 00:23:36.940 taking place in the United States and across 569 00:23:37.100 --> 00:23:38.860 Australian hospitals as well as 570 00:23:40.370 --> 00:23:42.730 A new study warns that scientists are still 571 00:23:42.730 --> 00:23:45.530 unsure about the true threat status of around 572 00:23:45.530 --> 00:23:47.730 one in three Australian bird species, 573 00:23:47.730 --> 00:23:50.370 including 48 threatened species of bird. 574 00:23:50.690 --> 00:23:52.490 The findings, reported in the Journal of 575 00:23:52.490 --> 00:23:54.650 Pacific Conservation Biology, highlights a 576 00:23:54.650 --> 00:23:56.890 major challenge for efforts to prioritise 577 00:23:56.890 --> 00:23:59.730 bird conservation. The authors also found 578 00:23:59.730 --> 00:24:01.970 that the low levels of certainty were more 579 00:24:01.970 --> 00:24:04.130 pronounced among near threatened species, 580 00:24:04.210 --> 00:24:06.490 with around two in three birds in this group 581 00:24:06.490 --> 00:24:09.410 classified as having low certainty. They say 582 00:24:09.410 --> 00:24:11.730 it shows there's uncertainty about species 583 00:24:11.730 --> 00:24:13.890 status even among Australian species 584 00:24:13.890 --> 00:24:16.090 considered at immediate risk of extinction, 585 00:24:16.090 --> 00:24:18.490 and research needs to be targeted at those 586 00:24:18.490 --> 00:24:20.850 species with the lowest level of certainty. 587 00:24:22.210 --> 00:24:24.090 Archaeologists say they've found evidence 588 00:24:24.090 --> 00:24:26.170 suggesting there are hidden chambers in the 589 00:24:26.170 --> 00:24:28.890 tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt's Valley of the 590 00:24:28.890 --> 00:24:31.410 Kings. A report in the Journal of the 591 00:24:31.410 --> 00:24:33.890 Occasional Papers of the Amarna Royal Tombs 592 00:24:33.890 --> 00:24:36.370 Project claims the as yet unexplored chambers 593 00:24:36.370 --> 00:24:38.570 of King Tut's tomb could hold the remains of 594 00:24:38.570 --> 00:24:41.470 the Egyptian queen Nefertiti. The authors 595 00:24:41.470 --> 00:24:43.510 are basing their assertions on geophysical 596 00:24:43.510 --> 00:24:45.670 surveys, including the first use of 597 00:24:45.670 --> 00:24:48.030 gravitational techniques to probe the density 598 00:24:48.030 --> 00:24:50.470 of the ground around the boy king's tomb 599 00:24:50.470 --> 00:24:53.270 site. A new study 600 00:24:53.270 --> 00:24:55.310 has shown that children who use smartphones 601 00:24:55.310 --> 00:24:57.950 by the age of 12 are more likely to report 602 00:24:58.030 --> 00:25:00.270 eating disorder symptoms like binge eating 603 00:25:00.270 --> 00:25:03.230 and tying self worth to weight by 604 00:25:03.230 --> 00:25:05.830 age 14. Almost one in four kids who have a 605 00:25:05.830 --> 00:25:08.350 smartphone at age 12 reported at least one 606 00:25:08.350 --> 00:25:10.640 eating disorder symptoms, compared to fewer 607 00:25:10.640 --> 00:25:12.400 than one in six kids who didn't have a 608 00:25:12.400 --> 00:25:15.280 smartphone by age 12. A report in the Journal 609 00:25:15.280 --> 00:25:17.440 of the American Medical association claims 610 00:25:17.440 --> 00:25:20.160 unsupervised smartphone use at an earlier 611 00:25:20.160 --> 00:25:22.800 age may be increasing exposure to appearance 612 00:25:22.800 --> 00:25:25.640 focused social media during puberty, a time 613 00:25:25.640 --> 00:25:28.120 when kids are especially vulnerable. The 614 00:25:28.120 --> 00:25:30.720 authors say sleep deprivation due to screen 615 00:25:30.720 --> 00:25:33.040 use could also alter appetite and emotions. 616 00:25:33.680 --> 00:25:36.360 They say these findings all support the idea 617 00:25:36.360 --> 00:25:38.760 of delaying the age when kids ah, are first 618 00:25:38.760 --> 00:25:40.000 given smartphones 619 00:25:41.750 --> 00:25:43.750 Big news in the world of tech this week, with 620 00:25:43.750 --> 00:25:45.630 Australia's federal government again trying 621 00:25:45.630 --> 00:25:47.870 to control what you can see online with its 622 00:25:47.870 --> 00:25:50.310 latest 1984 Big Brother star 623 00:25:50.310 --> 00:25:52.950 legislation. And Microsoft's released a new 624 00:25:52.950 --> 00:25:55.190 update for its Windows 11 operating system, 625 00:25:55.350 --> 00:25:57.550 consolidating lots of previous updates you 626 00:25:57.550 --> 00:26:00.150 may have missed. With the details, we're 627 00:26:00.150 --> 00:26:02.350 joined by Technology editor Alex Ah Sahar of 628 00:26:02.350 --> 00:26:02.910 Royt from 629 00:26:02.910 --> 00:26:05.670 Jonathan Nally: Tech Advice Live just launched version 630 00:26:05.670 --> 00:26:08.470 26H2. Now. Rather than any 631 00:26:08.470 --> 00:26:10.470 spectacular new features, this is a 632 00:26:10.470 --> 00:26:12.770 lightweight, cumulative update and it 633 00:26:12.770 --> 00:26:14.610 consolidates a year's worth of feature 634 00:26:14.610 --> 00:26:16.410 rollouts. Basically, it's for those people 635 00:26:16.410 --> 00:26:18.170 who've been delaying their upgrades for 636 00:26:18.170 --> 00:26:20.130 whatever reason. One of the things that you 637 00:26:20.130 --> 00:26:23.050 could do with the old Windows 10 and earlier 638 00:26:23.050 --> 00:26:24.810 taskbar was you could move it up, down, left 639 00:26:24.810 --> 00:26:26.170 or right anywhere on the screen that you 640 00:26:26.170 --> 00:26:28.610 wanted. So this taskbar flexibility has 641 00:26:28.610 --> 00:26:31.450 returned. You can now also toggle a smaller 642 00:26:31.450 --> 00:26:34.330 size taskbar option. They've redesigned the 643 00:26:34.330 --> 00:26:36.890 Start menu again. You've got sizing controls, 644 00:26:36.890 --> 00:26:38.690 we've got smaller versus larger displays. 645 00:26:38.770 --> 00:26:40.690 You've got different sections for pinned 646 00:26:40.690 --> 00:26:43.210 recent, which is typical recommended, and all 647 00:26:43.210 --> 00:26:45.630 apps. And you can even have a category or 648 00:26:45.630 --> 00:26:47.390 grid views and you can hide your name or 649 00:26:47.390 --> 00:26:49.950 profile picture for a cleaner presentation. 650 00:26:49.950 --> 00:26:52.190 But I know people who still use the Start11 651 00:26:52.430 --> 00:26:54.390 app from Stardoc Software, which actually 652 00:26:54.390 --> 00:26:57.350 returns the old Start menu back. You 653 00:26:57.350 --> 00:26:59.430 can have the Windows XP Start menu, the 654 00:26:59.430 --> 00:27:02.070 Windows 95 Start menu, the Windows 7 Start 655 00:27:02.070 --> 00:27:03.830 menu. I mean, I know people who just prefer 656 00:27:03.830 --> 00:27:06.350 that and I put it on for them and they like 657 00:27:06.350 --> 00:27:08.270 it. I mean, if you've been getting automatic 658 00:27:08.270 --> 00:27:09.970 updates all this time and haven't sort of 659 00:27:10.360 --> 00:27:12.520 purposefully paused for any length of time, 660 00:27:12.520 --> 00:27:14.280 then you probably have most of those updates 661 00:27:14.280 --> 00:27:15.720 already. This is just sort of one big 662 00:27:15.720 --> 00:27:16.630 consolidation now. 663 00:27:16.630 --> 00:27:18.640 Stuart Gary: Uh, while I've got you new Legislation 664 00:27:18.640 --> 00:27:20.680 introduced by Australia's Labour government 665 00:27:20.680 --> 00:27:23.120 will give the Communications Minister, Anika 666 00:27:23.120 --> 00:27:25.680 Wells, the power to quite literally censor 667 00:27:25.680 --> 00:27:28.480 and ban any online content that she doesn't 668 00:27:28.480 --> 00:27:30.320 like. Now, this is the second time the 669 00:27:30.320 --> 00:27:32.200 Albanese government's trying to push this, I 670 00:27:32.200 --> 00:27:33.640 think, unprecedented power through 671 00:27:33.640 --> 00:27:35.440 Parliament. They failed last time because, 672 00:27:35.440 --> 00:27:37.240 well, it blatantly violates freedom of 673 00:27:37.240 --> 00:27:39.280 speech. This is a common practice in 674 00:27:39.280 --> 00:27:41.600 socialist and fascist governments. But to me 675 00:27:41.600 --> 00:27:44.600 it sounds awfully like 1984's Big 676 00:27:44.600 --> 00:27:45.720 Brother. What say you? 677 00:27:45.880 --> 00:27:48.520 Jonathan Nally: Absolutely. I mean, this has been a problem 678 00:27:48.760 --> 00:27:51.600 not just with the Labour, socialist, you 679 00:27:51.600 --> 00:27:53.719 know, communist type governments, but Richard 680 00:27:53.719 --> 00:27:55.800 Alston of the Conservative Party in 681 00:27:55.800 --> 00:27:57.280 Australia. I mean, they were trying all sorts 682 00:27:57.280 --> 00:27:59.160 of Internet filters and things as well. So 683 00:27:59.160 --> 00:28:00.960 both sides of politics, the left and right, 684 00:28:00.960 --> 00:28:03.040 are, uh, wings of the same bird. And so, you 685 00:28:03.040 --> 00:28:05.560 know, government. The Uni Party. Yes, the Uni 686 00:28:05.560 --> 00:28:07.480 Party. And governments want control over 687 00:28:07.480 --> 00:28:09.470 their people. They want to stifle dissent. 688 00:28:09.940 --> 00:28:11.860 And, you know, Anthony, uh, Albaneji, the 689 00:28:11.860 --> 00:28:13.220 current Prime Minister, was asked a couple of 690 00:28:13.220 --> 00:28:14.700 years back, you know, what he would do if he 691 00:28:14.700 --> 00:28:17.460 had unlimited power. And his response, which 692 00:28:17.460 --> 00:28:19.540 is effectively terrifying, is that he'd get 693 00:28:19.540 --> 00:28:21.060 rid of social media so that he couldn't be 694 00:28:21.060 --> 00:28:23.340 criticised. He's criticised the images of him 695 00:28:23.340 --> 00:28:25.459 looking like a clown or other unflattering 696 00:28:25.459 --> 00:28:27.260 images. And it's like, mate, you know the 697 00:28:27.260 --> 00:28:29.460 people that try and censor speech, the people 698 00:28:29.460 --> 00:28:31.140 that try and shut things down, they're never 699 00:28:31.140 --> 00:28:33.300 the good guys in history. Never the good 700 00:28:33.300 --> 00:28:33.700 guys. 701 00:28:33.700 --> 00:28:36.180 Stuart Gary: That's Alex Zaharov, Roy from TechAdvice 702 00:28:36.580 --> 00:28:38.960 Life. And this is Space Time. 703 00:28:54.560 --> 00:28:57.560 And that's the show for now. 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